Course Descriptions

ASEP 153 - Manual Drive Trains and Axles Level 2

1. Complete general Manual Drive Train and Axles Level 2 NATEF tasks.
   1. Identify and interpret drive train concerns; determine necessary action.
   2. Research applicable vehicle and service information, fluid type, vehicle service history, service precautions, and technical service bulletins.
   3. Check fluid condition; check for leaks; determine necessary action.
   4. Drain and refill manual transmission/transaxle and final drive unit.
2. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Clutches.
   1. Diagnose clutch noise, binding, slippage, pulsation, and chatter; determine necessary action.
   2. Inspect clutch pedal linkage, cables, automatic adjuster mechanisms, brackets, bushings, pivots, and springs; perform necessary action.
   3. Inspect and replace clutch pressure plate assembly, clutch disc, release (throw-out) bearing and linkage, and pilot bearing/bushing (as applicable).
   4. Bleed clutch hydraulic system.
   5. Check and adjust clutch master cylinder fluid level; check for leaks.
   6. Inspect flywheel and ring gear for wear and cracks; determine necessary action.
   7. Measure flywheel runout and crankshaft end play; determine necessary action.
3. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Transmission/Transaxles.
   1. Inspect, adjust, and reinstall shift linkages, brackets, bushings, cables, pivots, and levers
   2. Describe the operational characteristics of an electronically-controlled manual transmission/transaxle.
4. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Drive Shafts and Constant-Velocity (CV) Joints.
   1. Diagnose constant-velocity (CV) joint noise and vibration concerns; determine necessary action.
   2. Diagnose universal joint noise and vibration concerns; perform necessary action.
   3. Inspect, remove, and replace front wheel drive (FWD) bearings, hubs, and seals.
   4. Inspect, service, and replace shafts, yokes, boots, and universal/CV joints.
   5. Check shaft balance and phasing; measure shaft runout; measure and adjust driveline angles.
5. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Differentials.
   1. Clean and inspect differential housing; check for leaks; inspect housing vent.
   2. Check and adjust differential housing fluid level.
   3. Drain and refill differential housing.
   4. Inspect and replace companion flange and pinion seal; measure companion flange runout.]
6. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Drive Axles.
   1. Inspect and replace drive axle wheel studs.
   2. Remove and replace drive axle shafts.
   3. Inspect and replace drive axle shaft seals, bearings, and retainers.
   4. Measure drive axle flange runout and shaft end play; determine necessary action.
7. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Four-wheel Drive/All-wheel Drive.
   1. Inspect, adjust, and repair shifting controls (mechanical, electrical, and vacuum), bushings, mounts, levers, and brackets.
   2. Inspect front-wheel bearings and locking hubs; perform necessary action(s).
   3. Check for leaks at drive assembly seals; check vents; check lube level.
   4. Identify concerns related to variations in tire circumference and/or final drive ratios.

ASEP 154 - Suspension and Steering Level 2

1. Complete general Suspension and Steering Systems Level 2 NATEF tasks.
   1. Research applicable vehicle and service information, vehicle service history, service precautions, and technical service bulletins.
2. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Steering Systems.
   1. Disable and enable supplemental restraint system (SRS).
   2. Remove and replace steering wheel; center/time supplemental restraint system (SRS) coil (clock spring).
   3. Diagnose steering column noises, looseness, and binding concerns (including tilt mechanisms); determine necessary action.
   4. Diagnose power steering gear (non-rack and pinion) binding, uneven turning effort,
      looseness, hard steering, and noise concerns; determine necessary action.
   5. Diagnose power steering gear (rack and pinion) binding, uneven turning effort, looseness, hard steering, and noise concerns; determine necessary action.
   6. Inspect steering shaft universal-joint(s), flexible coupling(s), collapsible column, lock
      cylinder mechanism, and steering wheel; perform necessary action.
   7. Remove and replace rack and pinion steering gear; inspect mounting bushings and
      brackets.
   8. Inspect rack and pinion steering gear inner tie rod ends (sockets) and bellows boots; replace as needed.
   9. Determine proper power steering fluid type; inspect fluid level and condition.
   10. Flush, fill, and bleed power steering system.
   11. Inspect for power steering fluid leakage; determine necessary action.
   12. Remove, inspect, replace, and adjust power steering pump drive belt.
   13. Remove and reinstall power steering pump.
   14. Remove and reinstall press fit power steering pump pulley; check pulley and belt alignment.
   15. Inspect and replace power steering hoses and fittings.
   16. Replace power steering pump filter(s).
   17. Inspect and replace pitman arm, relay (centerlink/intermediate) rod, idler arm and mountings, and steering linkage damper.
   18. Inspect, replace, and adjust tie rod ends (sockets), tie rod sleeves, and clamps.
   19. Identify hybrid vehicle power steering system electrical circuits and safety precautions.
3. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Suspension Systems Diagnosis and Repair.
   1. Diagnose short and long arm suspension system noises, body sway, and uneven ride height concerns; determine necessary action.
   2. Diagnose strut suspension system noises, body sway, and uneven ride height concerns;
      determine necessary action.
   3. Inspect, remove and install upper and lower control arms, bushings, shafts, and rebound bumpers.
   4. Inspect, remove and install strut rods and bushings.
   5. Inspect, remove and install upper and/or lower ball joints (with or without wear indicators).
   6. Inspect, remove and install steering knuckle assemblies.
   7. Inspect, remove and install short and long arm suspension system coil springs and spring insulators.
   8. Inspect, remove and install torsion bars and mounts.
   9. Inspect, remove and install front stabilizer bar (sway bar) bushings, brackets, and links.
   10. Inspect, remove and install strut cartridge or assembly, strut coil spring, insulators (silencers), and upper strut bearing mount.
   11. Inspect, remove and install track bar, strut rods/radius arms, and related mounts and bushings.
   12. Inspect rear suspension system leaf spring(s), bushings, center pins/bolts, and mounts.
   13. Inspect electric power-assisted steering.
4. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Suspension and Steering Service.
   1. Inspect, remove, and replace shock absorbers; inspect mounts and bushings.
   2. Remove, inspect, and service or replace front and rear wheel bearings.
   3. Describe the function of the power steering pressure switch.
5. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Wheel Alignment.
   1. Diagnose vehicle wander, drift, pull, hard steering, bump steer, memory steer, torque steer, and steering return concerns; determine necessary action.
   2. Perform pre-alignment inspection and measure vehicle ride height; perform necessary action.
   3. Prepare vehicle for wheel alignment on alignment machine; perform four-wheel alignment by checking and adjusting front and rear wheel caster, camber; and toe as required; center steering wheel.
   4. Check toe-out-on-turns (turning radius); determine necessary action.
   5. Check SAI (steering axis inclination) and included angle; determine necessary action.
   6. Check rear wheel thrust angle; determine necessary action.
   7. Check for front wheel setback; determine necessary action.
   8. Check front and/or rear cradle (subframe) alignment; determine necessary action.
6. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Wheels and Tires Diagnosis and Repair
   1. Inspect tire condition; identify tire wear patterns; check for correct tire size and application (load and speed ratings) and adjust air pressure; determine necessary action.
   2. Diagnose wheel/tire vibration, shimmy, and noise; determine necessary action.
   3. Rotate tires according to manufacturer's recommendations.
   4. Measure wheel, tire, axle flange, and hub runout; determine necessary action.
   5. Diagnose tire pull problems; determine necessary action.
   6. Dismount, inspect, and remount tire on wheel; balance wheel and tire assembly (static and dynamic).
   7. Dismount, inspect, and remount tire on wheel equipped with tire pressure monitoring system sensor.
   8. Inspect tire and wheel assembly for air loss; perform necessary action.
   9. Repair tire using internal patch.
   10. Identify and test tire pressure monitoring system (indirect and direct) for operation; verify operation of instrument panel lamps.
   11. Demonstrate knowledge of steps required to remove and replace sensors in a tire pressure monitoring system.

ASEP 155 - Brakes Level 2

1. Complete general level 2 NATEF tasks for Brakes.
   1. Identify and interpret brake system concerns; determine necessary action.
   2. Research applicable vehicle and service information, vehicle service history, service precautions, and technical service bulletins.
   3. Describe procedure for performing a road test to check brake system operation; including an anti-lock brake system (ABS).
2. Complete Hydraulic Systems related Level 2 NATEF tasks.
   1. Diagnose pressure concerns in the brake system using hydraulic principles (Pascal’s Law).
   2. Measure brake pedal height, travel, and free play (as applicable); determine necessary action.
   3. Check master cylinder for internal/external leaks and proper operation; determine necessary action.
   4. Remove, bench bleed, and reinstall master cylinder.
   5. Diagnose poor stopping, pulling or dragging concerns caused by malfunctions in the hydraulic system; determine necessary action.
   6. Inspect brake lines, flexible hoses, and fittings for leaks, dents, kinks, rust, cracks, bulging, and wear; check for loose fittings and supports; determine necessary action.
   7. Replace brake lines, hoses, fittings, and supports.
   8. Fabricate brake lines using proper material and flaring procedures (double flare and ISO types).
   9. Select, handle, store, and fill brake fluids to proper level.
   10. Inspect, test, and/or replace components of brake warning light system.
   11. Identify components of brake warning light system.
   12. Bleed and/or flush brake system.
   13. Test brake fluid for contamination.
3. Complete Drum Brakes related Level 2 NATEF tasks.
   1. Diagnose poor stopping, noise, vibration, pulling, grabbing, dragging or pedal pulsation concerns; determine necessary action.
   2. Remove, clean, inspect, and measure brake drum diameter; determine necessary action.
   3. Refinish brake drum and measure final drum diameter; compare with specifications.
   4. Remove, clean, and inspect brake shoes, springs, pins, clips, levers, adjusters/self-adjusters, other related brake hardware, and backing support plates; lubricate and reassemble.
   5. Inspect wheel cylinders for leaks and proper operation; remove and replace as needed.
   6. Pre-adjust brake shoes and parking brake; install brake drums or drum/hub assemblies and wheel bearings; perform final checks and adjustments.
   7. Install wheel and torque lug nuts.
4. Complete Disc Brakes related Level 2 NATEF tasks.
   1. Diagnose poor stopping, noise, vibration, pulling, grabbing, dragging, or pulsation concerns; determine necessary action
   2. Remove and clean caliper assembly; inspect for leaks and damage/wear to caliper housing; determine necessary action.
   3. Clean and inspect caliper mounting and slides/pins for proper operation, wear, and damage; determine necessary action.
   4. Remove, inspect, and replace pads and retaining hardware; determine necessary action.
   5. Lubricate and reinstall caliper, pads, and related hardware; seat pads and inspect for leaks.
   6. Clean and inspect rotor; measure rotor thickness, thickness variation, and lateral runout; determine necessary action.
   7. Remove and reinstall rotor.
   8. Refinish rotor on vehicle; measure final rotor thickness and compare with specifications.
   9. Refinish rotor off vehicle; measure final rotor thickness and compare with specifications.
   10. Retract and re-adjust caliper piston on an integrated parking brake system.
   11. Check brake pad wear indicator; determine necessary action.
   12. Describe importance of operating vehicle to burnish/break-in replacement brake pads according to manufacturer’s recommendations.
5. Complete Power-Assist Units related Level 2 NATEF tasks.
   1. Check brake pedal travel with, and without, engine running to verify proper power booster operation.
   2. Check vacuum supply (manifold or auxiliary pump) to vacuum-type power booster.
   3. Inspect vacuum-type power booster unit for leaks; inspect the check-valve for proper operation; determine necessary action.
   4. Inspect and test hydraulically-assisted power brake system for leaks and proper operation; determine necessary action.
   5. Measure and adjust master cylinder pushrod length.
6. Complete miscellaneous Brakes related (Wheel Bearings, Parking Brakes, Electrical, Etc.) Level 2 NATEF tasks.
   1. Diagnose wheel bearing noises, wheel shimmy, and vibration concerns; determine necessary action.
   2. Remove, clean, inspect, repack, and install wheel bearings; replace seals; install hub and adjust bearings.
   3. Check parking brake cables and components for wear, binding, and corrosion; clean, lubricate, adjust or replace as needed.
   4. Check parking brake operation and parking brake indicator light system operation; determine necessary action.
   5. Check operation of brake stop light system.
   6. Replace wheel bearing and race.
   7. Remove and reinstall sealed wheel bearing assembly.
7. Complete Electronic Brake, Traction and Stability Control Systems related Level 2 NATEF tasks.
   1. Identify and inspect electronic brake control system components; determine necessary action.
   2. Identify traction control/vehicle stability control system components.
   3. Describe the operation of a regenerative braking system.

ASEP 156 - Electrical-Electronic Systems Level 2

1. Complete general electrical and electronic systems Level 2 NATEF tasks.
   1. Research applicable vehicle and service information, vehicle service history, service precautions, and technical service bulletins.
   2. Demonstrate knowledge of electrical/electronic series, parallel, and series-parallel circuits using principles of electricity (Ohm’s Law).
   3. Demonstrate proper use of a digital multimeter (DMM) when measuring source voltage, voltage drop (including grounds), current flow and resistance.
   4. Demonstrate knowledge of the causes and effects from shorts, grounds, opens, and resistance problems in electrical/electronic circuits.
   5. Check operation of electrical circuits with a test light.
   6. Check operation of electrical circuits with fused jumper wires.
   7. Use wiring diagrams during the diagnosis (troubleshooting) of electrical/electronic circuit problems.
   8. Diagnose the cause(s) of excessive key-off battery drain (parasitic draw); determine necessary action.
   9. Inspect and test fusible links, circuit breakers, and fuses; determine necessary action.
   10. Inspect and test switches, connectors, relays, solenoid solid state devices, and wires of electrical/electronic circuits; determine necessary action.
   11. Replace electrical connectors and terminal ends.
   12. Repair wiring harness.
   13. Perform solder repair of electrical wiring.
2. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Battery Service.
   1. Perform battery state-of-charge test; determine necessary action.
   2. Confirm proper battery capacity for vehicle application; perform battery capacity test; determine necessary action.
   3. Maintain or restore electronic memory functions.
   4. Inspect and clean battery; fill battery cells; check battery cables, connectors, clamps, and hold-downs.
   5. Perform slow/fast battery charge according to manufacturer’s recommendations.
   6. Jump-start vehicle using jumper cables and a booster battery or an auxiliary power supply.
   7. Identify high-voltage circuits of electric or hybrid electric vehicle and related safety precautions.
   8. Identify electronic modules, security systems, radios, and other accessories that require reinitialization or code entry after reconnecting vehicle battery.
   9. Identify hybrid vehicle auxiliary (12v) battery service, repair, and test procedures.
3. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Starting Systems.
   1. Perform starter current draw tests; determine necessary action.
   2. Perform starter circuit voltage drop tests; determine necessary action.
   3. Inspect and test starter relays and solenoids; determine necessary action.
   4. Remove and install starter in a vehicle.
   5. Inspect and test switches, connectors, and wires of starter control circuits; determine necessary action.
   6. Differentiate between electrical and engine mechanical problems that cause a slow-crank or a no-crank condition.
4. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Charging Systems.
   1. Perform charging system output test; determine necessary action.
   2. Diagnose (troubleshoot) charging system for causes of undercharge, no-charge, or overcharge conditions.
   3. Inspect, adjust, or replace generator (alternator) drive belts; check pulleys and tensioners for wear; check pulley and belt alignment.
   4. Remove, inspect, and re-install generator (alternator).
   5. Perform charging circuit voltage drop tests; determine necessary action.
5. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Lighting Systems.
   1. Diagnose (troubleshoot) the causes of brighter-than-normal, intermittent, dim, or no light operation; determine necessary action.
   2. Inspect interior and exterior lamps and sockets including headlights and auxiliary lights (fog lights/driving lights); replace as needed.
   3. Aim headlights.
   4. Identify system voltage and safety precautions associated with high-intensity discharge headlights.
6. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Electrical Accessories.
   1. Inspect and test gauges and gauge sending units for causes of abnormal gauge readings; determine necessary action.
   2. Diagnose (troubleshoot) the causes of incorrect operation of warning devices and other driver information systems; determine necessary action.
7. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Horn and Wiper/Washer Diagnosis and Repair.
   1. Diagnose (troubleshoot) causes of incorrect horn operation; perform necessary action.
   2. Diagnose (troubleshoot) causes of incorrect wiper operation; diagnose wiper speed control and park problems; perform necessary action.
   3. Diagnose (troubleshoot) windshield washer problems; perform necessary action.
8. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Accessories Diagnosis and Repair.
   1. Diagnose (troubleshoot) incorrect operation of motor-driven accessory circuits; determine necessary action.
   2. Diagnose (troubleshoot) incorrect electric lock operation (including remote keyless entry); determine necessary action.
   3. Diagnose (troubleshoot) incorrect operation of cruise control systems; determine necessary action.
   4. Diagnose (troubleshoot) supplemental restraint system (SRS) problems; determine necessary action.
   5. Disable and enable an airbag system for vehicle service; verify indicator lamp operation.
   6. Remove and reinstall door panel.
   7. Check for module communication errors (including CAN/BUS systems) using a scan tool.
   8. Describe the operation of keyless entry/remote-start systems.
   9. Verify operation of instrument panel gauges and warning/indicator lights; reset maintenance indicators.
   10. Verify windshield wiper and washer operation, replace wiper blades.

ASEP 157 - Heating and Air Conditioning Level 2

1. Complete general A/C System Diagnosis and Repair Level 2 NATEF tasks.
   1. Identify and interpret heating and air conditioning problems; determine necessary action.
   2. Research applicable vehicle and service information, vehicle service history, service precautions, and technical service bulletins.
   3. Performance test A/C system; identify problems.
   4. Identify abnormal operating noises in the A/C system; determine necessary action.
   5. Identify refrigerant type; select and connect proper gauge set; record temperature and pressure readings.
   6. Leak test A/C system; determine necessary action
   7. Inspect condition of refrigerant oil removed from A/C system; determine necessary action.
   8. Determine recommended oil and oil capacity for system application.
   9. Using a scan tool, observe and record related HVAC data and trouble codes.
2. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Refrigeration System Components.
   1. Inspect and replace A/C compressor drive belts, pulleys, and tensioners; determine necessary action.
   2. Inspect, test, service or replace A/C compressor clutch components and/or assembly; check compressor clutch air gap; adjust as needed.
   3. Remove, inspect, and reinstall A/C compressor and mountings; determine recommended oil quantity.
   4. Identify hybrid vehicle A/C system electrical circuits and the service/safety precautions.
   5. Determine need for an additional A/C system filter; perform necessary action.
   6. Remove and inspect A/C system mufflers, hoses, lines, fittings, O-rings, seals, and service valves; perform necessary action.
   7. Inspect A/C condenser for airflow restrictions; determine necessary action.
   8. Remove, inspect, and reinstall receiver/drier or accumulator/drier; determine recommended oil quantity.
   9. Remove, inspect, and install expansion valve or orifice (expansion) tube.
   10. Inspect evaporator housing water drain; perform necessary action.
3. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Heating, Ventilation, and Engine Cooling Systems Diagnosis and Repair.
   1. Inspect engine cooling and heater systems hoses; perform necessary action.
   2. Inspect and test heater control valve(s); perform necessary action.
4. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Operating Systems and Related Controls Diagnosis and Repair.
   1. Inspect and test A/C-heater blower motors, resistors, switches, relays, wiring, and protection devices; perform necessary action.
   2. Diagnose A/C compressor clutch control systems; determine necessary action.
   3. Diagnose malfunctions in the vacuum, mechanical, and electrical components and controls of the heating, ventilation, and A/C (HVAC) system; determine necessary action.
   4. Inspect and test A/C-heater control panel assembly; determine necessary action.
   5. Inspect and test A/C-heater control cables, motors, and linkages; perform necessary action.
   6. Inspect A/C-heater ducts, doors, hoses, cabin filters, and outlets; perform necessary action.
   7. Identify the source of A/C system odors.
   8. Check operation of automatic or semi-automatic heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) control systems; determine necessary action.
5. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Refrigerant Recovery, Recycling, and Handling.
   1. Perform correct use and maintenance of refrigerant handling equipment according to equipment manufacturer’s standards.
   2. Identify and recover A/C system refrigerant.
   3. Recycle, label, and store refrigerant.
   4. Evacuate and charge A/C system; add refrigerant oil as required.

ASEP 158 - Engine Performance Level 2

1. Complete general Engine Performance related Level 2 NATEF tasks.
   1. Identify and interpret engine performance concerns; determine necessary action.
   2. Research applicable vehicle and service information, vehicle service history, service precautions, and technical service bulletins.
   3. Diagnose abnormal engine noises or vibration concerns; determine necessary action.
   4. Diagnose abnormal exhaust color, odor, and sound; determine necessary action
   5. Perform engine absolute (vacuum/boost) manifold pressure tests; determine necessary action.
   6. Perform cylinder power balance test; determine necessary action.
   7. Perform cylinder cranking and running compression tests; determine necessary action.
   8. Perform cylinder leakage test; determine necessary action.
   9. Diagnose engine mechanical, electrical, electronic, fuel, and ignition concerns; determine necessary action.
   10. Verify engine operating temperature; determine necessary action.
   11. Verify correct camshaft timing.
2. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Computerized Engine Controls.
   1. Retrieve and record diagnostic trouble codes, OBD monitor status, and freeze frame data; clear codes when applicable.
   2. Access and use service information to perform step-by-step (troubleshooting) diagnosis.
   3. Perform active tests of actuators using a scan tool; determine necessary action.
   4. Describe the importance of running all OBDII monitors for repair verification.
3. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Ignition System Diagnosis and Repair.
   1. Diagnose (troubleshoot) ignition system related problems such as no-starting, hard starting, engine misfire, poor driveability, spark knock, power loss, poor mileage, and emissions concerns; determine necessary action.
   2. Inspect and test crankshaft and camshaft position sensor(s); perform necessary action.
   3. Inspect, test, and/or replace ignition control module, powertrain/engine control module; reprogram as necessary.
   4. Remove and replace spark plugs; inspect secondary ignition components for wear and damage.
4. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Fuel, Air Induction, and Exhaust Systems.
   1. Check fuel for contaminants; determine necessary action.
   2. Inspect and test fuel pumps and pump control systems for pressure, regulation, and volume; perform necessary action.
   3. Replace fuel filter(s).
   4. Inspect, service, or replace air filters, filter housings, and intake duct work.
   5. Inspect throttle body, air induction system, intake manifold and gaskets for vacuum leaks and/or unmetered air.
   6. Inspect and test fuel injectors.
   7. Verify idle control operation.
   8. Inspect integrity of the exhaust manifold, exhaust pipes, muffler(s), catalytic converter(s), resonator(s), tail pipe(s), and heat shields; perform necessary action.
   9. Inspect condition of exhaust system hangers, brackets, clamps, and heat shields; repair or replace as needed.
   10. Perform exhaust system back-pressure test; determine necessary action.
   11. Check and refill diesel exhaust fluid (DEF).
5. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Emissions Control Systems.
   1. Diagnose oil leaks, emissions, and driveability concerns caused by the positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) system; determine necessary action.
   2. Inspect, test, and service positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) filter/breather cap, valve, tubes, orifices, and hoses; perform necessary action.
   3. Diagnose emissions and driveability concerns caused by the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system; determine necessary action.
   4. Inspect, test, service, and replace components of the EGR system including tubing, exhaust passages, vacuum/pressure controls, filters, and hoses; perform necessary action.
   5. Inspect and test electrical/electronically-operated components and circuits of air injection systems; perform necessary action.
   6. Inspect and test catalytic converter efficiency.
   7. Inspect and test components and hoses of the evaporative emissions control system; perform necessary action.
   8. Interpret diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs) and scan tool data related to the emissions control systems; determine necessary action.

ASEP 160 - Dealership Work Experience 2

1. Diagnose, repair, or service automotive systems to meet factory service information standards and NATEF task list requirements.
   1. Perform all necessary tasks on live customer vehicles to the customer’s satisfaction and industry standards.
   2. Demonstrate knowledge to document completed repairs.

ASEP 170 - Dealership Work Experience 3

1. Diagnose, repair, or service drivelines automotive systems to meet factory service information standards and NATEF task list requirements.
   1. Perform all necessary tasks on live customer vehicles to the customer’s satisfaction and industry standards.
   2. Demonstrate knowledge to document completed repairs.

ASEP 180 - Dealership Work Experience 4

1. Diagnose, repair, or service automotive systems to meet factory service information standards and NATEF task list requirements.
   1. Perform all necessary tasks on live customer vehicles to the customer’s satisfaction and industry standards.
   2. Demonstrate knowledge to document completed repairs.

AUT 100 - Introduction to Automotive Service

1. Gain skills in the Language Arts/Communications area.
   1. Adapt a reading strategy for all written materials, e.g., customer’s notes, service manuals, shop manuals, technical bulletins, and computer/data feed readouts, etc., that will help identify the solution to the problem.
   2. Use study habits and methods when consulting the manufacturer’s publications, e.g., shop manuals, references, and computer databases.
   3. Visually skim or scan the manufacturer’s service manuals or databases to identify information that is related to any unfamiliar system under review, then study the applicable information with the intensity necessary for the situation.
   4. Comprehend and apply available written information needed to diagnose, analyze, and solve problems.
   5. Use text resources such as glossaries of terms, service manual indexes, database menus, and tables of contents to gather data for diagnosis and repair.
   6. Use computerized and other databases to obtain system information.
   7. Comprehend and apply information in operator’s manuals to operate and maintain automotive tools and equipment.
2. Gain skills in the Mathematics area.
   1. Add numbers that include decimals to determine conformance with the manufacturer’s specifications.
   2. Mentally add two or more numbers to determine conformance with the manufacturer’s specifications.
   3. Add whole numbers to accurately determine measurement conformance with the manufacturer’s specifications.
   4. Divide whole numbers to determine differences for comparison with the manufacturer’s specifications.
   5. Multiply numbers that include decimals to determine conformance with the manufacturer’s specifications.
   6. Mentally multiply numbers that include decimals to determine conformance with the manufacturer’s specifications.
   7. Subtract whole numbers to determine differences for comparison with the manufacturer’s specifications.
   8. Subtract numbers that include decimals to determine conformance with the manufacturer’s specifications.
   9. Subtract whole numbers to determine differences for comparison with the manufacturer’s specifications.
   10. Measure/test with tools designed for English or metric measurements and then convert the resulting measurement to the system used by the manufacturers for specifying the correct measurement or tolerance.
   11. Distinguish when a measurement or tolerance is not equal to the manufacturer’s specification.
   12. Estimate the results of basic arithmetic operations, and can accurately round up or down depending on the appropriate rule for the situation.
   13. Interpret place value (tenths, hundredths, thousandths) when conducting precision measurements.
   14. Use metric measurement instruments to determine correct sizes or distances in the metric system.
   15. Mentally compute whether the observed measurement is out-of-tolerance when comparing the observed measurement to the manufacturer’s specifications
3. Gain skills in the Science area.
   1. Convert measurements taken in the English or metric system to specifications stated in terms of either system.
   2. Identify and define terms that specifically relate to automotive systems, diagnosis, service, and repair.
4. Safely use tools and equipment typical of an automotive repair facility.
   1. Given a demonstration on the following, the student will operate tools and equipment observing safety practices using air wrenches, torque wrenches, jumper batteries, torque sticks, torque angle gauges, bead blasters, impact drivers, battery chargers, and jumper cables
5. Have available for class use safety glasses, uniform, and tools as required for this course.
   1. Meet the safety glasses, uniform, and tool requirement by the established deadline
6. Gain an orientation to the repair facility.
   1. Given a tour of the repair facility, provide a sketch of safety equipment, electrical outlets as directed.
7. Gain skills using automotive service publications and computer-generated service information.
   1. Complete an exercise using manufa

AUTO 101 - Engine Repair Level 1

1. Diagnose General Engine. Complete Level 1 NATEF tasks as listed below.
   1. Research applicable vehicle and service information, vehicle service history, service precautions, and technical service bulletins.
   2. Verify operation of the instrument panel engine warning indicators.
   3. Inspect engine assembly for fuel, oil, coolant, and other leaks; determine necessary action.
   4. Install engine covers using gaskets, seals, and sealers as required.
   5. Remove and replace timing belt; verify correct camshaft timing.
   6. Perform common fastener and thread repair, to include: remove broken bolt, restore internal and external threads, and repair internal threads with thread insert.
   7. Identify hybrid vehicle internal combustion engine service precautions.
2. Diagnose Cylinder Head and Valve Train. Complete Level 1 NATEF task as listed below.
   1. Adjust valves (mechanical or hydraulic lifters).
3. Diagnose Lubrication and Cooling Systems. Complete Level 1 NATEF tasks as listed below.
   1. Perform cooling system pressure and dye tests to identify leaks; check coolant condition and level; inspect and test radiator, pressure cap, coolant recovery tank, and heater core; determine necessary action.
   2. Inspect, replace, and adjust drive belts, tensioners, and pulleys; check pulley and belt alignment.
   3. Remove, inspect, and replace thermostat and gasket/seal.
   4. Inspect and test coolant; drain and recover coolant; flush and refill cooling system with recommended coolant; bleed air as required.
   5. Perform engine oil and filter change.
4. Complete Required Supplemental Tasks related to Shop and Personal Safety
   1. Identify general shop safety rules and procedures.
   2. Utilize safe procedures for handling of tools and equipment.
   3. Identify and use proper placement of floor jacks and jack stands.
   4. Identify and use proper procedures for safe lift operation.
   5. Utilize proper ventilation procedures for working within the lab/shop area.
   6. Identify marked safety areas.
   7. Identify the location and the types of fire extinguishers and other fire safety equipment; demonstrate knowledge of the procedures for using fire extinguishers and other fire safety equipment.
   8. Identify the location and use of eye wash stations.
   9. Identify the location of the posted evacuation routes.
   10. Comply with the required use of safety glasses, ear protection, gloves, and shoes during lab/shop activities.
   11. Identify and wear appropriate clothing for lab/shop activities.
   12. Secure hair and jewelry for lab/shop activities.
   13. Locate and demonstrate knowledge of material safety data sheets (MSDS).
5. Complete Required Supplemental Tasks related to Tools and Equipment
   1. Identify tools and their usage in automotive applications.
   2. Identify standard and metric designation.
   3. Demonstrate safe handling and use of appropriate tools.
   4. Demonstrate proper cleaning, storage, and maintenance of tools and equipment.
   5. Demonstrate proper use of precision measuring tools (i.e. micrometer, dial-indicator, dial-caliper).
6. Complete Required Supplemental Tasks related to Preparing Vehicle for Service
   1. Identify information needed and the service requested on a repair order.
   2. Identify purpose and demonstrate proper use of fender covers, mats.
   3. Demonstrate use of the three C’s (concern, cause, and correction).
   4. Review vehicle service history.
   5. Complete work order to include customer information, vehicle identifying information, customer concern, related service history, cause, and correction.
7. Complete Required Supplemental Tasks related to Preparing Vehicle for Customer
   1. Ensure vehicle is prepared to return to customer per school/company policy (floor mats, steering wheel cover, etc.).

AUTO 102 - Automatic Transmission Level 1

1. Complete general Automotive Transmission and Transaxle Level 1 NATEF tasks as listed below.
   1. Research applicable vehicle and service information, fluid type, vehicle service history, service precautions, and technical service bulletins.
   2. Check fluid level in a transmission or a transaxle equipped with a dip-stick.
   3. Check fluid level in a transmission or a transaxle not equipped with a dip-stick.
   4. Check transmission fluid condition; check for leaks.
2. Complete In-Vehicle Transmission/Transaxle NATEF tasks:
   1. Inspect, adjust, and replace external manual valve shift linkage, transmission range sensor/switch, and park/neutral position switch.
   2. Inspect for leakage at external seals, gaskets, and bushings.
   3. Inspect power train mounts.
   4. Drain and replace fluid and filter(s).
3. Complete Off-Vehicle Transmission and Transaxle NATEF tasks:
   1. Describe the operational characteristics of a continuously variable transmission (CVT).
   2. Describe the operational characteristics of a hybrid vehicle drive train.

AUTO 103 - Manual Drive Trains and Axles Level 1

1. Complete general Manual Drive Train and Axles Level 1 NATEF tasks as listed below.
   1. Research applicable vehicle and service information, fluid type, vehicle service history, service precautions, and technical service bulletins.
   2. Drain and refill manual transmission/transaxle and final drive unit.
   3. Check fluid condition; check for leaks.
2. Complete Level 1 NATEF tasks related to Clutches as listed below.
   1. Check and adjust clutch master cylinder fluid level.
   2. Check for system leaks.
3. Complete Level 1 NATEF tasks related to Transmission/Transaxle as listed below.
   1. Describe the operational characteristics of an electronically-controlled manual transmission/transaxle.
4. Complete Level 1 NATEF tasks related to Drive Shaft, Half Shafts, Universal and Constant-Velocity (CV) Joints as listed below.
   1. Inspect, remove, and replace front wheel drive (FWD) bearings, hubs, and seals.
   2. Inspect, service, and replace shafts, yokes, boots, and universal/CV joints.
5. Complete Level 1 NATEF tasks related to Differentials as listed below.
   1. Clean and inspect differential housing; check for leaks; inspect housing vent.
   2. Check and adjust differential housing fluid level.
   3. Drain and refill differential housing.
6. Complete Level 1 NATEF tasks related to Drive Axles as listed below.
   1. Inspect and replace drive axle wheel studs
7. Complete Level 1 NATEF tasks related to Four-wheel Drive/All-wheel Drive/as listed below.
   1. Inspect front-wheel bearings and locking hubs.
   2. Check for leaks at drive assembly seals; check vents; check lube level.

AUTO 104 - Suspension and Steering Level 1

1. Complete general Suspension and Steering Systems Level 1 NATEF tasks as listed below.
   1. Research applicable vehicle and service information, vehicle service history, service precautions, and technical service bulletins.
   2. Disable and enable supplemental restraint system (SRS).
2. Complete Related Suspension and Steering Service related Level 1 NATEF tasks as listed below.
   1. Inspect rack and pinion steering gear inner tie rod ends (sockets) and bellows boots.
   2. Determine proper power steering fluid type; inspect fluid level and condition.
   3. Flush, fill, and bleed power steering system.
   4. Inspect for power steering fluid leakage; determine necessary action.
   5. Remove, inspect, replace, and adjust power steering pump drive belt.
   6. Inspect and replace power steering hoses and fittings.
   7. Replace power steering pump filter(s).
   8. Inspect pitman arm, relay (centerlink/intermediate) rod, idler arm and mountings, and steering linkage damper.
   9. Inspect tie rod ends (sockets), tie rod sleeves, and clamps.
   10. Inspect upper and lower control arms, bushings, and shafts.
   11. Inspect and replace rebound and jounce bumpers.
   12. Inspect track bar, strut rods/radius arms, and related mounts and bushings.
   13. Inspect upper and lower ball joints (with or without wear indicators).
   14. Inspect suspension system coil springs and spring insulators (silencers).
   15. Inspect suspension system torsion bars and mounts.
   16. Inspect and replace front stabilizer bar (sway bar) bushings, brackets, and links.
   17. Inspect strut cartridge or assembly.
   18. Inspect front strut bearing and mount.
   19. Inspect rear suspension system lateral links/arms (track bars), control (trailing) arms.
   20. Inspect rear suspension system leaf spring(s), spring insulators (silencers), shackles, brackets, bushings, center pins/bolts, and mounts.
   21. Inspect, remove, and replace shock absorbers; inspect mounts and bushings.
   22. Inspect electric power-assisted steering.
   23. Identify hybrid vehicle power steering system electrical circuits and safety precautions.
   24. Describe the function of the power steering pressure switch.
3. Complete Wheel Alignment related Level 1 NATEF tasks as listed below.
   1. Perform pre-alignment inspection and measure vehicle ride height; determine necessary action.
4. Complete Wheels and Tires related Level 1 NATEF tasks as listed below.
   1. Inspect tire condition; identify tire wear patterns; check for correct size and application (load and speed ratings) and adjust air pressure; determine necessary action.
   2. Rotate tires according to manufacturer’s recommendations.
   3. Dismount, inspect, and remount tire on wheel; balance wheel and tire assembly (static and dynamic).
   4. Dismount, inspect, and remount tire on wheel equipped with tire pressure monitoring system sensor.
   5. Inspect tire and wheel assembly for air loss; perform necessary action.
   6. Repair tire using internal patch.
   7. Identify and test tire pressure monitoring systems (indirect and direct) for operation; verify operation of instrument panel lamps.
   8. Demonstrate knowledge of steps required to remove and replace sensors in a tire pressure monitoring system.

AUTO 105 - Brakes Level 1

1. Complete general level 1 NATEF tasks for Brakes as listed below.
   1. Research applicable vehicle and service information, vehicle service history, service precautions, and technical service bulletins.
   2. Describe procedure for performing a road test to check brake system operation, including an anti-lock brake system (ABS).
2. Complete Hydraulic System related Level 1 NATEF tasks as listed below.
   1. Measure brake pedal height, travel, and free play (as applicable); determine necessary action.
   2. Check master cylinder for external leaks and proper operation.
   3. Inspect brake lines, flexible hoses, and fittings for leaks, dents, kinks, rust, cracks, bulging, wear, loose fittings and supports; determine necessary action.
   4. Select, handle, store, and fill brake fluids to proper level.
   5. Identify components of brake warning light system.
   6. Bleed and/or flush brake system.
   7. Test brake fluid for contamination.
3. Complete Drum Brakes related Level 1 NATEF tasks as listed below.
   1. Remove, clean, inspect, and measure brake drum diameter; determine necessary action.
   2. Refinish brake drum and measure final drum diameter; compare with specifications.
   3. Remove, clean, and inspect brake shoes, springs, pins, clips, levers, adjusters/self-adjusters, other related brake hardware, and backing support plates; lubricate and reassemble.
   4. Inspect wheel cylinders for leaks and proper operation; remove and replace as needed.
   5. Pre-adjust brake shoes and parking brake; install brake drums or drum/hub assemblies and wheel bearings; make final checks and adjustments.
   6. Install wheel and torque lug nuts.
4. Complete Disc Brakes related Level 1 NATEF tasks as listed below.
   1. Remove and clean caliper assembly; inspect for leaks and damage/wear to caliper housing; determine necessary action.
   2. Clean and inspect caliper mounting and slides/pins for proper operation, wear, and damage; determine necessary action.
   3. Remove, inspect, and replace pads and retaining hardware; determine necessary action.
   4. Lubricate and reinstall caliper, pads, and related hardware; seat pads and inspect for leaks.
   5. Clean and inspect rotor, measure rotor thickness, thickness variation, and lateral runout; determine necessary action.
   6. Remove and reinstall rotor.
   7. Refinish rotor on vehicle; measure final rotor thickness and compare with specifications.
   8. Refinish rotor off vehicle; measure final rotor thickness and compare with specifications.
   9. Retract and re-adjust caliper piston on an integral parking brake system.
   10. Check brake pad wear indicator; determine necessary action.
   11. Describe importance of operating vehicle to burnish/break-in replacement brake pads according to manufacturer’s recommendations.
5. Complete Power-Assist Units related Level 1 NATEF tasks as listed below.
   1. Check brake pedal travel with, and without, engine running to verify proper power booster operation.
   2. Check vacuum supply (manifold or auxiliary pump) to vacuum-type power booster.
6. Complete Miscellaneous Brakes related (Wheel Bearings, Parking Brakes, Electrical, Etc.) Level 1 NATEF tasks as listed below.
   1. Remove, clean, inspect, repack, and install wheel bearings; replace seals; install hub and adjust bearings.
   2. Check parking brake cables and components for wear, binding, and corrosion; clean, lubricate, adjust or replace as needed.
   3. Check parking brake operation and parking brake indicator light system operation; determine necessary action.
   4. Check operation of brake stop light system.
   5. Replace wheel bearing and race.
7. Complete Electronic Brakes, and Traction and Stability Control Systems related Level 1 NATEF tasks as listed below.
   1. Identify traction control/vehicle stability control system components.
   2. Describe the operation of a regenerative braking system.

AUTO 106 - Electrical/Electronic Systems Level 1

1. Complete general electrical and electronic systems Level 1 NATEF tasks as listed below.
   1. Research applicable vehicle and service information, vehicle service history, service precautions, and technical service bulletins
   2. Demonstrate knowledge of electrical/electronic series, parallel, and series-parallel circuits using principles of electricity (Ohm’s Law).
   3. Use wiring diagrams to trace electrical/electronic circuits.
   4. Demonstrate proper use of a digital multimeter (DMM) when measuring source voltage, voltage drop (including grounds), current flow, and resistance.
   5. Demonstrate knowledge of the causes and effects from shorts, grounds, opens, and resistance problems in electrical/electronic circuits.
   6. Check operation of electrical circuits with a test light.
   7. Check operation of electrical circuits with fused jumper wires.
   8. Measure key-off battery drain (parasitic draw).
   9. Inspect and test fusible links, circuit breakers, and fuses; determine necessary action.
   10. Perform solder repair of electrical wiring.
   11. Replace electrical connectors and terminal ends.
2. Complete Level 1 NATEF tasks related to Battery Service as listed below.
   1. Perform battery state-of-charge test; determine necessary action
   2. Confirm proper battery capacity for vehicle application; perform battery capacity test; determine necessary action.
   3. Maintain or restore electronic memory functions.
   4. Inspect and clean battery; fill battery cells; check battery cables, connectors, clamps, and hold-downs.
   5. Perform slow/fast battery charge according to manufacturer’s recommendations.
   6. Jump-start vehicle using jumper cables and a booster battery or an auxiliary power supply.
   7. Identify high-voltage circuits of electric or hybrid electric vehicle and related safety precautions.
   8. Identify electronic modules, security systems, radios, and other accessories that require reinitialization or code entry after reconnecting vehicle battery.
   9. Identify hybrid vehicle auxiliary (12v) battery service, repair, and test procedures.
3. Complete Level 1 NATEF tasks related to Starting Systems as listed below.
   1. Perform starter current draw test; determine necessary action.
   2. Perform starter circuit voltage drop tests; determine necessary action.
   3. Inspect and test starter relays and solenoids; determine necessary action.
   4. Remove and install starter in a vehicle.
   5. Inspect and test switches, connectors, and wires of starter control circuits; determine necessary action.
4. Complete Level 1 NATEF tasks related to Charging Systems as listed below.
   1. Perform charging system output test; determine necessary action
   2. Inspect, adjust, or replace generator (alternator) drive belts; check pulleys and tensioners for wear; check pulley and belt alignment.
   3. Remove, inspect, and re-install generator (alternator).
   4. Perform charging circuit voltage drop tests; determine necessary action.
5. Complete Level 1 NATEF tasks related to Lighting Systems as listed below.
   1. Inspect interior and exterior lamps and sockets including headlights and auxiliary lights (fog lights/driving lights); replace as needed.
   2. Aim headlights.
   3. Identify system voltage and safety precautions associated with high-intensity discharge headlights.
6. Complete Level 1 NATEF tasks related to Electrical Accessories as listed below.
   1. Disable and enable airbag system for vehicle service; verify indicator lamp operation.
   2. Remove and reinstall door panel.
   3. Describe the operation of keyless entry/remote-start systems.
   4. Verify operation of instrument panel gauges and warning/indicator lights; reset maintenance indicators.
   5. Verify windshield wiper and washer operation; replace wiper blades.
7. Complete required supplemental Level 1 NATEF tasks as listed below.
   1. Demonstrate awareness of the safety aspects of supplemental restraint systems (SRS), electronic brake control systems, and hybrid vehicle high voltage circuits.
   2. Demonstrate awareness of the safety aspects of high voltage circuits (such as high intensity discharge (HID) lamps, ignition systems, injection systems, etc.).

AUTO 107 - Heating and Air Conditioning Level 1

1. Complete general Level 1 NATEF tasks as listed below.
   1. Research applicable vehicle and service information, vehicle service history, service precautions, and technical service bulletins.
2. Complete Level 1 NATEF tasks related to Refrigeration System Components as listed below.
   1. Inspect and replace A/C compressor drive belts, pulleys, and tensioners; determine necessary action.
   2. Identify hybrid vehicle A/C system electrical circuits and the service/safety precautions.
   3. Inspect A/C condenser for airflow restrictions; determine necessary action.
3. Complete Level 1 NATEF tasks related to Heating, Ventilation, and Engine Cooling Systems as listed below.
   1. Inspect engine cooling and heater systems hoses; perform necessary action.
4. Complete Level 1 NATEF tasks related to Operating Systems and Related Controls as listed below.
   1. Inspect A/C-heater ducts, doors, hoses, cabin filters, and outlets; perform necessary action
   2. Identify the source of A/C system odors.

AUTO 108 - Engine Performance Level 1

1. Complete general Engine Performance related Level 1 NATEF tasks as listed below.
   1. Research applicable vehicle and service information, vehicle service history, service precautions, and technical service bulletins.
   2. Perform engine absolute (vacuum/boost) manifold pressure tests; determine necessary action
   3. Perform cylinder power balance test; determine necessary action.
   4. Perform cylinder cranking and running compression tests; determine necessary action.
   5. Perform cylinder leakage test; determine necessary action.
   6. Verify engine operating temperature.
   7. Remove and replace spark plugs; inspect secondary ignition components for wear and damage.
2. Complete Level 1 NATEF tasks related to Computerized Engine Controls as listed below.
   1. Retrieve and record diagnostic trouble codes, OBD monitor status, and freeze frame data; clear codes when applicable.
   2. Describe the importance of operating all OBDII monitors for repair verification.
3. Complete Level 1 NATEF tasks related to Fuel, Air Induction, and Exhaust Systems as listed below.
   1. Replace fuel filter(s).
   2. Inspect, service, or replace air filters, filter housings, and intake duct work.
   3. Inspect integrity of the exhaust manifold, exhaust pipes, muffler(s), catalytic converter(s), resonator(s), tail pipe(s), and heat shields; determine necessary action.
   4. Inspect condition of exhaust system hangers, brackets, clamps, and heat shields; repair or replace as needed.
   5. Check and refill diesel exhaust fluid (DEF).
4. Complete Level 1 NATEF tasks related to Emissions Control Systems as listed below.
   1. Inspect, test, and service positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) filter/breather cap, valve, tubes, orifices, and hoses; perform necessary action.

AUTO 110 - MLR Internship

1. Diagnose/repair/service engine, brakes, suspension, and electrical systems to meet factory service information standards and NATEF task list requirements.
   1. Perform all necessary tasks on live customer vehicles to the customer’s satisfaction and industry standards.
   2. Document completed repairs.

AUTO 149 - MLR Capstone

1. Explain test taking and test preparation techniques for a computer based test.
2. Complete the ASE G1 MLR technician certification exam successfully by demonstrating knowledge of automotive service at a maintenance and light repair level.

AUTO 150 - Automotive Field Work Experience 1

Credits: 1
Instructional Contact Hours: 3

Valid Driver’s license required.
Lecture Hours: 6 Lab Hours: 240
Meets MTA Requirement: None
Pass/NoCredit: No

Outcomes and Objectives  

1. Diagnose, repair, or service automotive systems to meet factory service information standards and NATEF task list requirements.
   1. Preform all necessary tasks on live customer vehicles to the customer’s satisfaction and industry standards.
   2. Demonstrate knowledge to document completed repairs.

AUTO 151 - Engine Repair Level 2

1. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to general Engine Repair.
   1. Complete work order to include customer information, vehicle identifying information, customer concern, related service history, cause, and correction.
   2. Research applicable vehicle and service information, such as internal engine operation, vehicle service history, service precautions, and technical service bulletins.
   3. Verify operation of the instrument panel engine warning indicators.
   4. Inspect engine assembly for fuel, oil, coolant, and other leaks; determine necessary action
   5. Install engine covers using gaskets, seals, and sealers as required.
   6. Remove and replace timing belt; verify correct camshaft timing
   7. Perform common fastener and thread repair, to include: remove broken bolt, restore internal and external threads, and repair internal threads with thread insert.
   8. Inspect, remove and replace engine mounts.
   9. Identify hybrid vehicle internal combustion engine service precautions.
2. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Cylinder Head and Valve Trains.
   1. Remove cylinder head; inspect gasket condition; install cylinder head and gasket; tighten according to manufacturer’s specifications and procedures.
   2. Clean and visually inspect a cylinder head for cracks; check gasket surface areas for warpage and surface finish; check passage condition.
   3. Inspect pushrods, rocker arms, rocker arm pivots and shafts for wear, bending, cracks, looseness, and blocked oil passages (orifices); determine necessary action.
   4. Adjust valves (mechanical or hydraulic lifters).
   5. Inspect and replace camshaft and drive belt/chain; includes checking drive gear wear and backlash, end play, sprocket and chain wear, overhead cam drive sprocket(s), drive belt(s), belt tension, tensioners, camshaft reluctor ring/tone-wheel, and valve timing components; verify correct camshaft timing.
   6. Establish camshaft position sensor indexing.
3. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Engine Block Assembly.
   1. Remove, inspect, or replace crankshaft vibration damper (harmonic balancer).
4. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Lubrication and Cooling Systems.
   1. Perform cooling system pressure and dye tests to identify leaks; check coolant condition and level; inspect and test radiator, pressure cap, coolant recovery tank, and heater core; determine necessary action.
   2. Identify causes of engine overheating
   3. Inspect, replace, and adjust drive belts, tensioners, and pulleys; check pulley and belt alignment.
   4. Inspect and test coolant; drain and recover coolant; flush and refill cooling system with recommended coolant; bleed air as required.
   5. Inspect, remove, and replace water pump.
   6. Remove and replace radiator.
   7. Remove, inspect, and replace thermostat and gasket/seal.
   8. Inspect and test fan(s) (electrical or mechanical), fan clutch, fan shroud, and air dams.
   9. Perform oil pressure tests; determine necessary action.
   10. Perform engine oil and filter change.
   11. Inspect auxiliary coolers; determine necessary action.
   12. Inspect, test, and replace oil temperature and pressure switches and sensors.

AUTO 152 - Automatic Transmission Level 2

1. Complete general Automotive Transmission and Transaxle Level 2 NATEF tasks.
   1. Identify and interpret transmission/transaxle concern, differentiate between engine performance and transmission/transaxle concerns; determine necessary action.
   2. Research applicable vehicle and service information fluid type, vehicle service history, service precautions, and technical service bulletins.
   3. Diagnose fluid loss and condition concerns; determine necessary action.
   4. Check fluid level in a transmission or a transaxle equipped with a dip-stick.
   5. Check fluid level in a transmission or a transaxle not equipped with a dip-stick.
   6. Perform stall test; determine necessary action.
   7. Perform lock-up converter system tests; determine necessary action.
   8. Diagnose transmission/transaxle gear reduction/multiplication concerns using driving, driven, and held member (power flow) principles.
   9. Diagnose pressure concerns in a transmission using hydraulic principles (Pascal’s Law).
2. Complete In-Vehicle Transmission/Transaxle Level 2 NATEF tasks.
   1. Inspect, adjust, and replace external manual valve shift linkage, transmission range sensor/switch, and park/neutral position switch.
   2. Inspect for leakage; replace external seals, gaskets, and bushings.
   3. Inspect, test, adjust, repair, or replace electrical/electronic components and circuits including computers, solenoids, sensors, relays, terminals, connectors, switches, and harnesses.
   4. Drain and replace fluid and filter(s).
   5. Inspect powertrain mounts.
3. Complete Off-Vehicle Transmission and Transaxle Level 2 NATEF tasks.
   1. Remove and reinstall transmission/transaxle and torque converter; inspect engine core plugs, rear crankshaft seal, dowel pins, dowel pin holes, and mating surfaces.
   2. Inspect, leak test, and flush or replace transmission/transaxle oil cooler, lines, and fittings.
   3. Inspect converter flex (drive) plate, converter attaching bolts, converter pilot, converter pump drive surfaces, converter end play, and crankshaft pilot bore.
   4. Describe the operational characteristics of a continuously variable transmission (CVT).
   5. Describe the operational characteristics of a hybrid vehicle drive train.

AUTO 153 - Manual Drive Trains and Axles Level 2

1. Complete general Manual Drive Train and Axles Level 2 NATEF tasks.
   1. Identify and interpret drive train concerns; determine necessary action.
   2. Research applicable vehicle and service information, fluid type, vehicle service history, service precautions, and technical service bulletins.
   3. Check fluid condition; check for leaks; determine necessary action.
   4. Drain and refill manual transmission/transaxle and final drive unit.
2. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Clutches.
   1. Diagnose clutch noise, binding, slippage, pulsation, and chatter; determine necessary action.
   2. Inspect clutch pedal linkage, cables, automatic adjuster mechanisms, brackets, bushings, pivots, and springs; perform necessary action.
   3. Inspect and replace clutch pressure plate assembly, clutch disc, release (throw-out) bearing and linkage, and pilot bearing/bushing (as applicable).
   4. Bleed clutch hydraulic system.
   5. Check and adjust clutch master cylinder fluid level; check for leaks.
   6. Inspect flywheel and ring gear for wear and cracks; determine necessary action.
   7. Measure flywheel runout and crankshaft end play; determine necessary action.
3. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Transmission/Transaxles.
   1. Inspect, adjust, and reinstall shift linkages, brackets, bushings, cables, pivots, and levers
   2. Describe the operational characteristics of an electronically-controlled manual transmission/transaxle.
4. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Drive Shafts and Constant-Velocity (CV) Joints.
   1. Diagnose constant-velocity (CV) joint noise and vibration concerns; determine necessary action.
   2. Diagnose universal joint noise and vibration concerns; perform necessary action.
   3. Inspect, remove, and replace front wheel drive (FWD) bearings, hubs, and seals.
   4. Inspect, service, and replace shafts, yokes, boots, and universal/CV joints.
   5. Check shaft balance and phasing; measure shaft runout; measure and adjust driveline angles.
5. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Differentials.
   1. Clean and inspect differential housing; check for leaks; inspect housing vent.
   2. Check and adjust differential housing fluid level.
   3. Drain and refill differential housing
   4. Inspect and replace companion flange and pinion seal; measure companion flange runout.
6. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Drive Axles.
   1. Inspect and replace drive axle wheel studs.
   2. Remove and replace drive axle shafts.
   3. Inspect and replace drive axle shaft seals, bearings, and retainers.
   4. Measure drive axle flange runout and shaft end play; determine necessary action.
7. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Four-wheel Drive/All-wheel Drive.
   1. Inspect, adjust, and repair shifting controls (mechanical, electrical, and vacuum), bushings, mounts, levers, and brackets.
   2. Inspect front-wheel bearings and locking hubs; perform necessary action(s).
   3. Check for leaks at drive assembly seals; check vents; check lube level.
   4. Identify concerns related to variations in tire circumference and/or final drive ratios.

AUTO 154 - Suspension and Steering Level 2

1. Complete general Suspension and Steering Systems Level 2 NATEF tasks.
   1. Research applicable vehicle and service information, vehicle service history, service precautions, and technical service bulletins.
2. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Steering Systems.
   1. Disable and enable supplemental restraint system (SRS).
   2. Remove and replace steering wheel; center/time supplemental restraint system (SRS) coil (clock spring).
   3. Diagnose steering column noises, looseness, and binding concerns (including tilt mechanisms); determine necessary action.
   4. Diagnose power steering gear (non-rack and pinion) binding, uneven turning effort,
      looseness, hard steering, and noise concerns; determine necessary action.
   5. Diagnose power steering gear (rack and pinion) binding, uneven turning effort, looseness, hard steering, and noise concerns; determine necessary action.
   6. Inspect steering shaft universal-joint(s), flexible coupling(s), collapsible column, lock
      cylinder mechanism, and steering wheel; perform necessary action.
   7. Remove and replace rack and pinion steering gear; inspect mounting bushings and
      brackets.
   8. Inspect rack and pinion steering gear inner tie rod ends (sockets) and bellows boots; replace as needed.
   9. Determine proper power steering fluid type; inspect fluid level and condition.
   10. Flush, fill, and bleed power steering system.
   11. Inspect for power steering fluid leakage; determine necessary action.
   12. Remove, inspect, replace, and adjust power steering pump drive belt.
   13. Remove and reinstall power steering pump.
   14. Remove and reinstall press fit power steering pump pulley; check pulley and belt alignment.
   15. Inspect and replace power steering hoses and fittings.
   16. Replace power steering pump filter(s).
   17. Inspect and replace pitman arm, relay (centerlink/intermediate) rod, idler arm and mountings, and steering linkage damper.
   18. Inspect, replace, and adjust tie rod ends (sockets), tie rod sleeves, and clamps.
   19. Identify hybrid vehicle power steering system electrical circuits and safety precautions.
3. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Suspension Systems Diagnosis and Repair.
   1. Diagnose short and long arm suspension system noises, body sway, and uneven ride height concerns; determine necessary action.
   2. Diagnose strut suspension system noises, body sway, and uneven ride height concerns; determine necessary action.
   3. Inspect, remove and install upper and lower control arms, bushings, shafts, and rebound bumpers.
   4. Inspect, remove and install strut rods and bushings.
   5. Inspect, remove and install upper and/or lower ball joints (with or without wear indicators).
   6. Inspect, remove and install steering knuckle assemblies.
   7. Inspect, remove and install short and long arm suspension system coil springs and spring insulators.
   8. Inspect, remove and install torsion bars and mounts.
   9. Inspect, remove and install front stabilizer bar (sway bar) bushings, brackets, and links.
   10. Inspect, remove and install strut cartridge or assembly, strut coil spring, insulators (silencers), and upper strut bearing mount.
   11. Inspect, remove and install track bar, strut rods/radius arms, and related mounts and bushings.
   12. Inspect rear suspension system leaf spring(s), bushings, center pins/bolts, and mounts.
   13. Inspect electric power-assisted steering.
4. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Suspension and Steering Service.
   1. Inspect, remove, and replace shock absorbers; inspect mounts and bushings.
   2. Remove, inspect, and service or replace front and rear wheel bearings.
   3. Describe the function of the power steering pressure switch.
5. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Wheel Alignment.
   1. Diagnose vehicle wander, drift, pull, hard steering, bump steer, memory steer, torque steer, and steering return concerns; determine necessary action.
   2. Perform pre-alignment inspection and measure vehicle ride height; perform necessary action.
   3. Prepare vehicle for wheel alignment on alignment machine; perform four-wheel alignment by checking and adjusting front and rear wheel caster, camber; and toe as required; center steering wheel.
   4. Check toe-out-on-turns (turning radius); determine necessary action.
   5. Check SAI (steering axis inclination) and included angle; determine necessary action.
   6. Check rear wheel thrust angle; determine necessary action.
   7. Check for front wheel setback; determine necessary action.
   8. Check front and/or rear cradle (subframe) alignment; determine necessary action.
6. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Wheels and Tires Diagnosis and Repair
   1. Inspect tire condition; identify tire wear patterns; check for correct tire size and application (load and speed ratings) and adjust air pressure; determine necessary action.
   2. Diagnose wheel/tire vibration, shimmy, and noise; determine necessary action.
   3. Rotate tires according to manufacturer’s recommendations.
   4. Measure wheel, tire, axle flange, and hub runout; determine necessary action.
   5. Diagnose tire pull problems; determine necessary action.
   6. Dismount, inspect, and remount tire on wheel; balance wheel and tire assembly (static and dynamic).
   7. Dismount, inspect, and remount tire on wheel equipped with tire pressure monitoring system sensor.
   8. Inspect tire and wheel assembly for air loss; perform necessary action.
   9. Repair tire using internal patch.
   10. Identify and test tire pressure monitoring system (indirect and direct) for operation; verify operation of instrument panel lamps.
   11. Demonstrate knowledge of steps required to remove and replace sensors in a tire pressure monitoring system.

AUTO 155 - Brakes Level 2

1. Complete general level 2 NATEF tasks for Brakes.
   1. Identify and interpret brake system concerns; determine necessary action.
   2. Research applicable vehicle and service information, vehicle service history, service precautions, and technical service bulletins.
   3. Describe procedure for performing a road test to check brake system operation; including an anti-lock brake system (ABS).
2. Complete Hydraulic System related Level 2 NATEF tasks.
   1. Diagnose pressure concerns in the brake system using hydraulic principles (Pascal’s Law).
   2. Measure brake pedal height, travel, and free play (as applicable); determine necessary action.
   3. Check master cylinder for internal/external leaks and proper operation; determine necessary action.
   4. Remove, bench bleed, and reinstall master cylinder.
   5. Diagnose poor stopping, pulling or dragging concerns caused by malfunctions in the hydraulic system; determine necessary action.
   6. Inspect brake lines, flexible hoses, and fittings for leaks, dents, kinks, rust, cracks, bulging, and wear; check for loose fittings and supports; determine necessary action.
   7. Replace brake lines, hoses, fittings, and supports.
   8. Fabricate brake lines using proper material and flaring procedures (double flare and ISO types).
   9. Select, handle, store, and fill brake fluids to proper level.
   10. Inspect, test, and/or replace components of brake warning light system.
   11. Identify components of brake warning light system.
   12. Bleed and/or flush brake system.
   13. Test brake fluid for contamination.
3. Complete Drum Brakes related Level 2 NATEF tasks.
   1. Diagnose poor stopping, noise, vibration, pulling, grabbing, dragging or pedal pulsation concerns; determine necessary action.
   2. Remove, clean, inspect, and measure brake drum diameter; determine necessary action.
   3. Refinish brake drum and measure final drum diameter; compare with specifications.
   4. Remove, clean, and inspect brake shoes, springs, pins, clips, levers, adjusters/self-adjusters, other related brake hardware, and backing support plates; lubricate and reassemble.
   5. Inspect wheel cylinders for leaks and proper operation; remove and replace as needed.
   6. Pre-adjust brake shoes and parking brake; install brake drums or drum/hub assemblies and wheel bearings; perform final checks and adjustments.
   7. Install wheel and torque lug nuts.
4. Complete Disc Brakes related Level 2 NATEF tasks.
   1. Diagnose poor stopping, noise, vibration, pulling, grabbing, dragging, or pulsation concerns; determine necessary action
   2. Remove and clean caliper assembly; inspect for leaks and damage/wear to caliper housing; determine necessary action.
   3. Clean and inspect caliper mounting and slides/pins for proper operation, wear, and damage; determine necessary action.
   4. Remove, inspect, and replace pads and retaining hardware; determine necessary action.
   5. Lubricate and reinstall caliper, pads, and related hardware; seat pads and inspect for leaks.
   6. Clean and inspect rotor; measure rotor thickness, thickness variation, and lateral runout; determine necessary action.
   7. Remove and reinstall rotor.
   8. Refinish rotor on vehicle; measure final rotor thickness and compare with specifications.
   9. Refinish rotor off vehicle; measure final rotor thickness and compare with specifications.
   10. Retract and re-adjust caliper piston on an integrated parking brake system.
   11. Check brake pad wear indicator; determine necessary action.
   12. Describe importance of operating vehicle to burnish/break-in replacement brake pads according to manufacturer’s recommendations.
5. Complete Power-Assist Units related Level 2 NATEF tasks.
   1. Check brake pedal travel with, and without, engine running to verify proper power booster operation.
   2. Check vacuum supply (manifold or auxiliary pump) to vacuum-type power booster.
   3. Inspect vacuum-type power booster unit for leaks; inspect the check-valve for proper operation; determine necessary action.
   4. Inspect and test hydraulically-assisted power brake system for leaks and proper operation; determine necessary action.
   5. Measure and adjust master cylinder pushrod length.
6. Complete miscellaneous Brakes related (Wheel Bearings, Parking Brakes, Electrical, Etc.) Level 2 NATEF tasks.
   1. Diagnose wheel bearing noises, wheel shimmy, and vibration concerns; determine necessary action.
   2. Remove, clean, inspect, repack, and install wheel bearings; replace seals; install hub and adjust bearings.
   3. Check parking brake cables and components for wear, binding, and corrosion; clean, lubricate, adjust or replace as needed.
   4. Check parking brake operation and parking brake indicator light system operation; determine necessary action.
   5. Check operation of brake stop light system.
   6. Replace wheel bearing and race.
   7. Remove and reinstall sealed wheel bearing assembly.
7. Complete Electronic Brake, Traction and Stability Control Systems related Level 2 NATEF tasks.
   1. Identify and inspect electronic brake control system components; determine necessary action.
   2. Identify traction control/vehicle stability control system components.
   3. Describe the operation of a regenerative braking system.

AUTO 156 - Electrical-Electronic Systems Level 2

1. Complete general electrical and electronic systems Level 2 NATEF tasks.
   1. Research applicable vehicle and service information, vehicle service history, service precautions, and technical service bulletins.
   2. Demonstrate knowledge of electrical/electronic series, parallel, and series-parallel circuits using principles of electricity (Ohm’s Law).
   3. Demonstrate proper use of a digital multimeter (DMM) when measuring source voltage, voltage drop (including grounds), current flow and resistance.
   4. Demonstrate knowledge of the causes and effects from shorts, grounds, opens, and resistance problems in electrical/electronic circuits.
   5. Check operation of electrical circuits with a test light.
   6. Check operation of electrical circuits with fused jumper wires.
   7. Use wiring diagrams during the diagnosis (troubleshooting) of electrical/electronic circuit problems.
   8. Diagnose the cause(s) of excessive key-off battery drain (parasitic draw); determine necessary action.
   9. Inspect and test fusible links, circuit breakers, and fuses; determine necessary action.
   10. Inspect and test switches, connectors, relays, solenoid solid state devices, and wires of electrical/electronic circuits; determine necessary action.
   11. Replace electrical connectors and terminal ends.
   12. Repair wiring harness.
   13. Perform solder repair of electrical wiring.
2. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Battery Service.
   1. Perform battery state-of-charge test; determine necessary action.
   2. Confirm proper battery capacity for vehicle application; perform battery capacity test; determine necessary action.
   3. Maintain or restore electronic memory functions.
   4. Inspect and clean battery; fill battery cells; check battery cables, connectors, clamps, and hold-downs.
   5. Perform slow/fast battery charge according to manufacturer’s recommendations.
   6. Jump-start vehicle using jumper cables and a booster battery or an auxiliary power supply.
   7. Identify high-voltage circuits of electric or hybrid electric vehicle and related safety precautions.
   8. Identify electronic modules, security systems, radios, and other accessories that require reinitialization or code entry after reconnecting vehicle battery.
   9. Identify hybrid vehicle auxiliary (12v) battery service, repair, and test procedures.
3. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Starting Systems.
   1. Perform starter current draw tests; determine necessary action.
   2. Perform starter circuit voltage drop tests; determine necessary action.
   3. Inspect and test starter relays and solenoids; determine necessary action.
   4. Remove and install starter in a vehicle.
   5. Inspect and test switches, connectors, and wires of starter control circuits; determine necessary action.
   6. Differentiate between electrical and engine mechanical problems that cause a slow-crank or a no-crank condition.
4. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Charging Systems.
   1. Perform charging system output test; determine necessary action.
   2. Diagnose (troubleshoot) charging system for causes of undercharge, no-charge, or overcharge conditions.
   3. Inspect, adjust, or replace generator (alternator) drive belts; check pulleys and tensioners for wear; check pulley and belt alignment.
   4. Remove, inspect, and re-install generator (alternator).
   5. Perform charging circuit voltage drop tests; determine necessary action.
5. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Lighting Systems.
   1. Diagnose (troubleshoot) the causes of brighter-than-normal, intermittent, dim, or no light operation; determine necessary action.
   2. Inspect interior and exterior lamps and sockets including headlights and auxiliary lights (fog lights/driving lights); replace as needed.
   3. Aim headlights.
   4. Identify system voltage and safety precautions associated with high-intensity discharge headlights.
6. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Electrical Accessories.
   1. Inspect and test gauges and gauge sending units for causes of abnormal gauge readings; determine necessary action.
   2. Diagnose (troubleshoot) the causes of incorrect operation of warning devices and other driver information systems; determine necessary action.
7. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Horn and Wiper/Washer Diagnosis and Repair.
   1. Diagnose (troubleshoot) causes of incorrect horn operation; perform necessary action.
   2. Diagnose (troubleshoot) causes of incorrect wiper operation; diagnose wiper speed control and park problems; perform necessary action.
   3. Diagnose (troubleshoot) windshield washer problems; perform necessary action.
8. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Accessories Diagnosis and Repair.
9. Diagnose (troubleshoot) incorrect operation of motor-driven accessory circuits; determine necessary action.
10. Diagnose (troubleshoot) incorrect electric lock operation (including remote keyless entry); determine necessary action.
11. Verify windshield wiper and washer operation, replace wiper blades.
12. Verify operation of instrument panel gauges and warning/indicator lights; reset maintenance indicators.
13. Describe the operation of keyless entry/remote-start systems.
14. Check for module communication errors (including CAN/BUS systems) using a scan tool.
15. Remove and reinstall door panel.
16. Disable and enable an airbag system for vehicle service; verify indicator lamp operation.
17. Diagnose (troubleshoot) supplemental restraint system (SRS) problems; determine necessary action.
18. Diagnose (troubleshoot) incorrect operation of cruise control systems; determine necessary action.

AUTO 157 - Heating and Air Conditioning Level 2

1. Complete general A/C System diagnosis and Repair Level 2 NATEF tasks.
   1. Identify and interpret heating and air conditioning problems; determine necessary action.
   2. Research applicable vehicle and service information, vehicle service history, service precautions, and technical service bulletins.
   3. Performance test A/C system; identify problems.
   4. Identify abnormal operating noises in the A/C system; determine necessary action.
   5. Identify refrigerant type; select and connect proper gauge set; record temperature and pressure readings.
   6. Leak test A/C system; determine necessary action
   7. Inspect condition of refrigerant oil removed from A/C system; determine necessary action.
   8. Determine recommended oil and oil capacity for system application.
   9. Using a scan tool, observe and record related HVAC data and trouble codes.
2. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Refrigeration System Components.
   1. Inspect and replace A/C compressor drive belts, pulleys, and tensioners; determine necessary action.
   2. Inspect, test, service or replace A/C compressor clutch components and/or assembly; check compressor clutch air gap; adjust as needed.
   3. Remove, inspect, and reinstall A/C compressor and mountings; determine recommended oil quantity.
   4. Identify hybrid vehicle A/C system electrical circuits and the service/safety precautions.
   5. Determine need for an additional A/C system filter; perform necessary action.
   6. Remove and inspect A/C system mufflers, hoses, lines, fittings, O-rings, seals, and service valves; perform necessary action.
   7. Inspect A/C condenser for airflow restrictions; determine necessary action.
   8. Remove, inspect, and reinstall receiver/drier or accumulator/drier; determine recommended oil quantity.
   9. Remove, inspect, and install expansion valve or orifice (expansion) tube.
   10. Inspect evaporator housing water drain; perform necessary action.
3. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Heating, Ventilation, and Engine Cooling Systems Diagnosis and Repair.
   1. Inspect engine cooling and heater systems hoses; perform necessary action.
   2. Inspect and test heater control valve(s); perform necessary action.
4. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Operating Systems and Related Controls Diagnosis and Repair.
   1. Inspect and test A/C-heater blower motors, resistors, switches, relays, wiring, and protection devices; perform necessary action.
   2. Diagnose A/C compressor clutch control systems; determine necessary action.
   3. Diagnose malfunctions in the vacuum, mechanical, and electrical components and controls of the heating, ventilation, and A/C (HVAC) system; determine necessary action.
   4. Inspect and test A/C-heater control panel assembly; determine necessary action.
   5. Inspect and test A/C-heater control cables, motors, and linkages; perform necessary action.
   6. Inspect A/C-heater ducts, doors, hoses, cabin filters, and outlets; perform necessary action.
   7. Identify the source of A/C system odors.
   8. Check operation of automatic or semi-automatic heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) control systems; determine necessary action.
5. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Refrigerant Recovery, Recycling, and Handling.
   1. Perform correct use and maintenance of refrigerant handling equipment according to equipment manufacturer’s standards.
   2. Identify and recover A/C system refrigerant.
   3. Recycle, label, and store refrigerant.
   4. Evacuate and charge A/C system; add refrigerant oil as required.

AUTO 158 - Engine Performance Level 2

1. Complete general Engine Performance related Level 2 NATEF tasks.
   1. Identify and interpret engine performance concerns; determine necessary action.
   2. Research applicable vehicle and service information, vehicle service history, service precautions, and technical service bulletins.
   3. Diagnose abnormal engine noises or vibration concerns; determine necessary action.
   4. Diagnose abnormal exhaust color, odor, and sound; determine necessary action
   5. Perform engine absolute (vacuum/boost) manifold pressure tests; determine necessary action.
   6. Perform cylinder power balance test; determine necessary action.
   7. Perform cylinder cranking and running compression tests; determine necessary action.
   8. Perform cylinder leakage test; determine necessary action.
   9. Diagnose engine mechanical, electrical, electronic, fuel, and ignition concerns; determine necessary action.
   10. Verify engine operating temperature; determine necessary action.
   11. Verify correct camshaft timing.
2. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Computerized Engine Controls.
   1. Retrieve and record diagnostic trouble codes, OBD monitor status, and freeze frame data; clear codes when applicable.
   2. Access and use service information to perform step-by-step (troubleshooting) diagnosis.
   3. Perform active tests of actuators using a scan tool; determine necessary action.
   4. Describe the importance of running all OBDII monitors for repair verification.
3. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Ignition System Diagnosis and Repair.
   1. Diagnose (troubleshoot) ignition system related problems such as no-starting, hard starting, engine misfire, poor driveability, spark knock, power loss, poor mileage, and emissions concerns; determine necessary action.
   2. Inspect and test crankshaft and camshaft position sensor(s); perform necessary action.
   3. Inspect, test, and/or replace ignition control module, powertrain/engine control module; reprogram as necessary.
   4. Remove and replace spark plugs; inspect secondary ignition components for wear and damage.
4. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Fuel, Air Induction, and Exhaust Systems.
   1. Check fuel for contaminants; determine necessary action.
   2. Inspect and test fuel pumps and pump control systems for pressure, regulation, and volume; perform necessary action.
   3. Replace fuel filter(s).
   4. Inspect, service, or replace air filters, filter housings, and intake duct work.
   5. Inspect throttle body, air induction system, intake manifold and gaskets for vacuum leaks and/or unmetered air.
   6. Inspect and test fuel injectors.
   7. Verify idle control operation.
   8. Inspect integrity of the exhaust manifold, exhaust pipes, muffler(s), catalytic converter(s), resonator(s), tail pipe(s), and heat shields; perform necessary action.
   9. Inspect condition of exhaust system hangers, brackets, clamps, and heat shields; repair or replace as needed.
   10. Perform exhaust system back-pressure test; determine necessary action.
   11. Check and refill diesel exhaust fluid (DEF).
5. Complete Level 2 NATEF tasks related to Emissions Control systems.
   1. Diagnose oil leaks, emissions, and driveability concerns caused by the positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) system; determine necessary action.
   2. Inspect, test, and service positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) filter/breather cap, valve, tubes, orifices, and hoses; perform necessary action.
   3. Diagnose emissions and driveability concerns caused by the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system; determine necessary action.
   4. Inspect, test, service, and replace components of the EGR system including tubing, exhaust passages, vacuum/pressure controls, filters, and hoses; perform necessary action.
   5. Inspect and test electrical/electronically-operated components and circuits of air injection systems; perform necessary action.
   6. Inspect and test catalytic converter efficiency.
   7. Inspect and test components and hoses of the evaporative emissions control system; perform necessary action.
   8. Interpret diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs) and scan tool data related to the emissions control systems; determine necessary action. 

AUTO 160 - AST Internship

1. Diagnose, repair, or service engine, brakes, suspension, and electrical systems to meet factory service information standards and NATEF task list requirements.
   1. Practice and perform all necessary tasks on live customer vehicles to the customer’s satisfaction and industry standards.
   2. Required to document completed repairs.

AUTO 170 - Automotive Field Work Experience 2

1. Diagnose, repair, or service automotive systems to meet factory service information standards and NATEF task list requirements.
   1. Preform all necessary tasks on live customer vehicles to the customer’s satisfaction and industry standards.
   2. Demonstrate knowledge to document completed repairs.

AUTO 180 - Automotive Field Work Experience 3

1. Diagnose, repair, or service automotive systems to meet factory service information standards and NATEF task list requirements.
   1. Preform all necessary tasks on live customer vehicles to the customer’s satisfaction and industry standards.
   2. Demonstrate knowledge to document completed repairs.

AUTO 201W - Engine Repair Level 3

1. Complete Level 3 NATEF tasks related to general Engine Repair as listed below.
   1. Complete work order to include customer information, vehicle identifying information, customer concern, related service history, cause, and correction.
   2. Research applicable vehicle and service information, such as internal engine operation, vehicle service history, service precautions, and technical service bulletins.
   3. Verify operation of the instrument panel engine warning indicators.
   4. Inspect engine assembly for fuel, oil, coolant, and other leaks; determine necessary action
   5. Install engine covers using gaskets, seals, and sealers as required.
   6. Remove and replace timing belt; verify correct camshaft timing
   7. Perform common fastener and thread repair, to include: remove broken bolt, restore internal and external threads, and repair internal threads with thread insert.
   8. Inspect, remove and replace engine mounts.
   9. Identify hybrid vehicle internal combustion engine service precautions.
2. Complete Level 3 NATEF tasks related to Cylinder Head and Valve Train as listed below.
   1. Remove cylinder head; inspect gasket condition; install cylinder head and gasket; tighten according to manufacturer’s specifications and procedures.
   2. Clean and visually inspect a cylinder head for cracks; check gasket surface areas for warpage and surface finish; check passage condition.
   3. Inspect pushrods, rocker arms, rocker arm pivots and shafts for wear, bending, cracks, looseness, and blocked oil passages (orifices); determine necessary action.
   4. Adjust valves (mechanical or hydraulic lifters).
   5. Inspect and replace camshaft and drive belt/chain; includes checking drive gear wear and backlash, end play, sprocket and chain wear, overhead cam drive sprocket(s), drive belt(s), belt tension, tensioners, camshaft reluctor ring/tone-wheel, and valve timing components; verify correct camshaft timing.
   6. Establish camshaft position sensor indexing.
3. Complete Level 3 NATEF tasks related to Engine Block Assembly as listed below.
   1. Remove, inspect, or replace crankshaft vibration damper (harmonic balancer).
4. Complete Level 3 NATEF tasks related to Lubrication and Cooling Systems as listed below.
   1. Perform cooling system pressure and dye tests to identify leaks; check coolant condition and level; inspect and test radiator, pressure cap, coolant recovery tank, and heater core; determine necessary action.
   2. Identify causes of engine overheating
   3. Inspect, replace, and adjust drive belts, tensioners, and pulleys; check pulley and belt alignment.
   4. Inspect and test coolant; drain and recover coolant; flush and refill cooling system with recommended coolant; bleed air as required.
   5. Inspect, remove, and replace water pump.
   6. Remove and replace radiator.
   7. Remove, inspect, and replace thermostat and gasket/seal.
   8. Inspect and test fan(s) (electrical or mechanical), fan clutch, fan shroud, and air dams.
   9. Perform oil pressure tests; determine necessary action.
   10. Perform engine oil and filter change.
   11. Inspect auxiliary coolers; determine necessary action.
   12. Inspect, test, and replace oil temperature and pressure switches and sensors.

AUTO 202W - Automatic Transmission Level 3

1. Complete general Automotive Transmission and Transaxle Level 3 NATEF tasks as listed below.
   1. Identify and interpret transmission/transaxle concern, differentiate between engine performance and transmission/transaxle concerns; determine necessary action.
   2. Research applicable vehicle and service information fluid type, vehicle service history, service precautions, and technical service bulletins.
   3. Diagnose fluid loss and condition concerns; determine necessary action.
   4. Check fluid level in a transmission or a transaxle equipped with a dip-stick.
   5. Check fluid level in a transmission or a transaxle not equipped with a dip-stick. 1F. Perform pressure tests (including transmissions/transaxles equipped with electronic pressure control); determine necessary action.
   6. Diagnose noise and vibration concerns; determine necessary action.
   7. Perform stall test; determine necessary action.
   8. Perform lock-up converter system tests; determine necessary action.
   9. Diagnose transmission/transaxle gear reduction/multiplication concerns using driving, driven, and held member (power flow) principles.
   10. Diagnose electronic transmission/transaxle control systems using appropriate test equipment and service information.
   11. Diagnose pressure concerns in a transmission using hydraulic principles (Pascal’s Law).
2. Complete Level 3 NATEF tasks related to In-Vehicle Transmission/Transaxle as listed below.
   1. Inspect, adjust, and replace external manual valve shift linkage, transmission range sensor/switch, and park/neutral position switch.
   2. Inspect for leakage; replace external seals, gaskets, and bushings.
   3. Inspect, test, adjust, repair, or replace electrical/electronic components and circuits including computers, solenoids, sensors, relays, terminals, connectors, switches, and harnesses.
   4. Drain and replace fluid and filter(s).
   5. Inspect powertrain mounts.
3. Complete Level 3 NATEF tasks related to Off-Vehicle Transmission and Transaxle Repair as listed below.
   1. Remove and reinstall transmission/transaxle and torque converter; inspect engine core plugs, rear crankshaft seal, dowel pins, dowel pin holes, and mating surfaces.
   2. Inspect, leak test, and flush or replace transmission/transaxle oil cooler, lines, and fittings.
   3. Inspect converter flex (drive) plate, converter attaching bolts, converter pilot, converter pump drive surfaces, converter end play, and crankshaft pilot bore.
   4. Describe the operational characteristics of a continuously variable transmission (CVT).
   5. Describe the operational characteristics of a hybrid vehicle drive train.

AUTO 203 - Manual Drive Trains and Axles Level 3

1. Complete general Manual Drive Train and Axles Level 3 NATEF tasks as listed below.    
   1. Identify and interpret drive train concerns; determine necessary action.
   2. Research applicable vehicle and service information, fluid type, vehicle service history, service precautions, and technical service bulletins.
   3. Check fluid condition; check for leaks; determine necessary action.
   4. Drain and refill manual transmission/transaxle and final drive unit.
2. Complete Level 3 NATEF tasks related to Clutches  as listed below.
   1. Diagnose clutch noise, binding, slippage, pulsation, and chatter; determine necessary action.
   2. Inspect clutch pedal linkage, cables, automatic adjuster mechanisms, brackets, bushings, pivots, and springs; perform necessary action.
   3. Inspect and replace clutch pressure plate assembly, clutch disc, release (throw-out) bearing and linkage, and pilot bearing/bushing (as applicable).
   4. Bleed clutch hydraulic system.
   5. Check and adjust clutch master cylinder fluid level; check for leaks.
   6. Inspect flywheel and ring gear for wear and cracks; determine necessary action.
   7.  Measure flywheel runout and crankshaft end play; determine necessary action.
3. Complete Level 3 NATEF tasks related to Transmission/Transaxles as listed below.
   1. Inspect, adjust, and reinstall shift linkages, brackets, bushings, cables, pivots, and levers
   2. Describe the operational characteristics of an electronically-controlled manual transmission/transaxle.
   3. Diagnose noise concerns through the application of transmission/transaxle powerflow principles.
   4. Diagnose hard shifting and jumping out of gear concerns; determine necessary action.
   5. Diagnose transaxle final drive assembly noise and vibration concerns; determine necessary action.
4. Complete Level 3 NATEF tasks related to Drive Shafts and Constant-Velocity (CV) Joints as listed below.    
   1. Diagnose constant-velocity (CV) joint noise and vibration concerns; determine necessary action.
   2. Diagnose universal joint noise and vibration concerns; perform necessary action.
   3. Inspect, remove, and replace front wheel drive (FWD) bearings, hubs, and seals.
   4. Inspect, service, and replace shafts, yokes, boots, and universal/CV joints.
   5. Check shaft balance and phasing; measure shaft runout; measure and adjust driveline angles.
5. Complete Level 3 NATEF tasks related to Differentials as listed below.
   1. Clean and inspect differential housing; check for leaks; inspect housing vent.
   2. Check and adjust differential housing fluid level.
   3. Drain and refill differential housing.
   4. Diagnose noise and vibration concerns; determine necessary action.
   5. Inspect and replace com  pinion flange and pinion seal; measure companion flange runout.
6. Complete Level 3 NATEF tasks related to Limited Slip Differentials as listed below.
   1. Diagnose noise, slippage, and chatter concerns; determine necessary action.
7. Complete Level 3 NATEF tasks related to Drive Axles as listed below.
   1. Inspect and replace drive axle wheel studs.
   2. Remove and replace drive axle shafts.
   3. Inspect and replace drive axle shaft seals, bearings, and retainers.
   4. Measure drive axle flange runout and shaft end play; determine necessary action.
   5. Diagnose drive axle shafts, bearings, and seals for noise, vibration, and fluid leakage concerns; determine necessary action
8. Complete Level 3 NATEF tasks related to Four-wheel Drive/All-wheel Drive as listed below.    
   1. Inspect, adjust, and repair shifting controls (mechanical, electrical, and vacuum), bushings, mounts, levers, and brackets.
   2. Inspect front-wheel bearings and locking hubs; perform necessary action(s).
   3. Check for leaks at drive assembly seals; check vents; check lube level.
   4. Identify concerns related to variations in tire circumference and/or final drive ratios.
   5. Diagnose noise, vibration, and unusual steering concerns; determine necessary action
   6. Diagnose, test, adjust, and replace electrical/electronic components of four-wheel drive systems.

AUTO 204 - Suspension and Steering Level 3

1. Complete general Suspension and Steering Systems Level 3 NATEF tasks as listed below.
   1. Research applicable vehicle and service information, vehicle service history, service precautions, and technical service bulletins.
   2. Identify and interpret suspension and steering system concerns; determine necessary action.B
2. Complete Level 3 NATEF tasks related to Systems as listed below.
   1. Disable and enable supplemental restraint system (SRS).
   2. Remove and replace steering wheel; center/time supplemental restraint system (SRS) coil (clock spring).
   3. Diagnose steering column noises, looseness, and binding concerns (including tilt mechanisms); determine necessary action.
   4. Diagnose power steering gear (non-rack and pinion) binding, uneven turning effort, looseness, hard steering, and noise concerns; determine necessary action.
   5. Diagnose power steering gear (rack and pinion) binding, uneven turning effort, looseness, hard steering, and noise concerns; determine necessary action.
   6. Inspect steering shaft universal-joint(s), flexible coupling(s), collapsible column, lock cylinder mechanism, and steering wheel; perform necessary action.
   7. Remove and replace rack and pinion steering gear; inspect mounting bushings and brackets.
   8. Inspect rack and pinion steering gear inner tie rod ends (sockets) and bellows boots; replace as needed.
   9. Determine proper power steering fluid type; inspect fluid level and condition.
   10. Flush, fill, and bleed power steering system.
   11. Inspect for power steering fluid leakage; determine necessary action.
   12. Remove, inspect, replace, and adjust power steering pump drive belt.
   13. Remove and reinstall power steering pump.
   14. Remove and reinstall press fit power steering pump pulley; check pulley and belt alignment.
   15. Inspect and replace power steering hoses and fittings.
   16. Replace power steering pump filter(s).
   17. Inspect and replace pitman arm, relay (centerlink/intermediate) rod, idler arm and mountings, and steering linkage damper.
   18. Inspect, replace, and adjust tie rod ends (sockets), tie rod sleeves, and clamps.
   19. Test and diagnose components of electronically-controlled steering systems using a scan tool; determine necessary action
   20. Identify hybrid vehicle power steering system electrical circuits and safety precautions.
3. Complete Level 3 NATEF tasks related to Suspension Systems Diagnosis and Repair as listed below.
   1. Diagnose short and long arm suspension system noises, body sway, and uneven ride height concerns; determine necessary action.
   2. Diagnose strut suspension system noises, body sway, and uneven ride height concerns; determine necessary action.
   3. Inspect, remove and install upper and lower control arms, bushings, shafts, and rebound bumpers.
   4. Inspect, remove and install strut rods and bushings.
   5. Inspect, remove and install upper and/or lower ball joints (with or without wear indicators).
   6. Inspect, remove and install steering knuckle assemblies.
   7. Inspect, remove and install short and long arm suspension system coil springs and spring insulators.
   8. Inspect, remove and install torsion bars and mounts. 3I. Inspect, remove and install front stabilizer bar (sway bar) bushings, brackets, and links.
   9. Inspect, remove and install strut cartridge or assembly, strut coil spring, insulators (silencers), and upper strut bearing mount.
   10. Inspect, remove and install track bar, strut rods/radius arms, and related mounts and bushings.
   11. Inspect rear suspension system leaf spring(s), bushings, center pins/bolts, and mounts.
   12. Inspect electric power-assisted steering.
4. Complete Level 3 NATEF tasks related to Suspension and Steering Service as listed below.
   1. Inspect, remove, and replace shock absorbers; inspect mounts and bushings.
   2. Remove, inspect, and service or replace front and rear wheel bearings.
   3. Describe the function of the power steering pressure switch.
5. Complete Level 3 NATEF tasks related to Wheel Alignment as listed b

AUTO 205 - Brakes Level 3

1. Complete general Level 3 NATEF tasks for Brakes as listed below.
   1. Identify and interpret brake system concerns; determine necessary action.
   2. Research applicable vehicle and service information, vehicle service history, service precautions, and technical service bulletins.
   3. Describe procedure for performing a road test to check brake system operation; including an anti-lock brake system (ABS).
2. Complete Level 3 NATEF tasks related to Hydraulic Systems as listed below.
   1. Diagnose pressure concerns in the brake system using hydraulic principles (Pascal’s Law).
   2. Measure brake pedal height, travel, and free play (as applicable); determine necessary action.
   3. Check master cylinder for internal/external leaks and proper operation; determine necessary action.
   4. Remove, bench bleed, and reinstall master cylinder.
   5. Diagnose poor stopping, pulling or dragging concerns caused by malfunctions in the hydraulic system; determine necessary action.
   6. Inspect brake lines, flexible hoses, and fittings for leaks, dents, kinks, rust, cracks, bulging, and wear; check for loose fittings and supports; determine necessary action.
   7. Replace brake lines, hoses, fittings, and supports.
   8. Fabricate brake lines using proper material and flaring procedures (double flare and ISO types).
   9. Select, handle, store, and fill brake fluids to proper level.
   10. Inspect, test, and/or replace components of brake warning light system.
   11. Identify components of brake warning light system.
   12. Bleed and/or flush brake system.
   13. Test brake fluid for contamination.
3. Complete Level 3 NATEF tasks related to Drum Brakes as listed below.
   1. Diagnose poor stopping, noise, vibration, pulling, grabbing, dragging or pedal pulsation concerns; determine necessary action.
   2. Remove, clean, inspect, and measure brake drum diameter; determine necessary action.
   3. Refinish brake drum and measure final drum diameter; compare with specifications.
   4. Remove, clean, and inspect brake shoes, springs, pins, clips, levers, adjusters/self-adjusters, other related brake hardware, and backing support plates; lubricate and reassemble.
   5. Inspect wheel cylinders for leaks and proper operation; remove and replace as needed.
   6. Pre-adjust brake shoes and parking brake; install brake drums or drum/hub assemblies and wheel bearings; perform final checks and adjustments.
   7. Install wheel and torque lug nuts.
4. Complete Level 3 NATEF tasks related to Disc Brakes as listed below.
   1. Diagnose poor stopping, noise, vibration, pulling, grabbing, dragging, or pulsation concerns; determine necessary action
   2. Remove and clean caliper assembly; inspect for leaks and damage/wear to caliper housing; determine necessary action.
   3. Clean and inspect caliper mounting and slides/pins for proper operation, wear, and damage; determine necessary action.
   4. Remove, inspect, and replace pads and retaining hardware; determine necessary action.
   5. Lubricate and reinstall caliper, pads, and related hardware; seat pads and inspect for leaks.
   6. Clean and inspect rotor; measure rotor thickness, thickness variation, and lateral runout; determine necessary action.
   7. Remove and reinstall rotor.
   8. Refinish rotor on vehicle; measure final rotor thickness and compare with specifications.
   9. Refinish rotor off vehicle; measure final rotor thickness and compare with specifications.
   10. Retract and re-adjust caliper piston on an integrated parking brake system.
   11. Check brake pad wear indicator; determine necessary action.
   12. Describe importance of operating vehicle to burnish/break-in replacement brake pads according to manufacturer’s recommendations.
5. Complete Level 3 NATEF tasks related to Power-Assist Units as listed below.
   1. Check brake pedal travel with, and without, engine running to verify proper power booster operation.
   2. Check vacuum supply (manifold or auxiliary pump) to vacuum-type power booster.
   3. Inspect vacuum-type power booster unit for leaks; inspe

AUTO 206 - Electrical-Electronic Systems Level 3

1. Complete general electrical and electronic systems Level 3 NATEF tasks as listed below.
   1. Research applicable vehicle and service information, vehicle service history, service precautions, and technical service bulletins.
   2. Demonstrate knowledge of electrical/electronic series, parallel, and series-parallel circuits using principles of electricity (Ohm’s Law).
   3. Demonstrate proper use of a digital multimeter (DMM) when measuring source voltage, voltage drop (including grounds), current flow and resistance.
   4. Demonstrate knowledge of the causes and effects from shorts, grounds, opens, and resistance problems in electrical/electronic circuits.
   5. Check operation of electrical circuits with a test light.
   6. Check operation of electrical circuits with fused jumper wires.
   7. Use wiring diagrams during the diagnosis (troubleshooting) of electrical/electronic circuit problems.
   8. Diagnose the cause(s) of excessive key-off battery drain (parasitic draw); determine necessary action.
   9. Inspect and test fusible links, circuit breakers, and fuses; determine necessary action.
   10. Inspect and test switches, connectors, relays, solenoid solid state devices, and wires of electrical/electronic circuits; determine necessary action.
   11. Replace electrical connectors and terminal ends.
   12. Repair wiring harness.
   13. Perform solder repair of electrical wiring.
   14. Check electrical/electronic circuit waveforms; interpret readings and determine needed repairs.
   15. Repair wiring harness (including CAN/BUS systems).
2. Complete Level 3 NATEF tasks related to Battery Diagnosis and Service as listed below
   1. Perform battery state-of-charge test; determine necessary action.
   2. Confirm proper battery capacity for vehicle application; perform battery capacity test; determine necessary action.
   3. Maintain or restore electronic memory functions.
   4. Inspect and clean battery; fill battery cells; check battery cables, connectors, clamps, and hold-downs.
   5. Perform slow/fast battery charge according to manufacturer’s recommendations.
   6. Jump-start vehicle using jumper cables and a booster battery or an auxiliary power supply.
   7. Identify high-voltage circuits of electric or hybrid electric vehicle and related safety precautions.
   8. Identify electronic modules, security systems, radios, and other accessories that require reinitialization or code entry after reconnecting vehicle battery.
   9. Identify hybrid vehicle auxiliary (12v) battery service, repair, and test procedures.
3. Complete Level 3 NATEF tasks related to Starting Systems as listed below.
   1. Perform starter current draw tests; determine necessary action.
   2. Perform starter circuit voltage drop tests; determine necessary action.
   3. Inspect and test starter relays and solenoids; determine necessary action.
   4. Remove and install starter in a vehicle.
   5. Inspect and test switches, connectors, and wires of starter control circuits; determine necessary action.
   6. Differentiate between electrical and engine mechanical problems that cause a slow-crank or a no-crank condition.
4. Complete Level 3 NATEF tasks related to Charging Systems as listed below.
   1. Perform charging system output test; determine necessary action.
   2. Diagnose (troubleshoot) charging system for causes of undercharge, no-charge, or overcharge conditions.
   3. Inspect, adjust, or replace generator (alternator) drive belts; check pulleys and tensioners for wear; check pulley and belt alignment.
   4. Remove, inspect, and re-install generator (alternator).
   5. Perform charging circuit voltage drop tests; determine necessary action.
5. Complete Level 3 NATEF tasks related to Lighting Systems as listed below.
   1. Diagnose (troubleshoot) the causes of brighter-than-normal, intermittent, dim, or no light operation; determine necessary action.
   2. Inspect interior and exterior lamps and sockets including headlights and auxiliary lights (fog lights/driving lights); replace as needed.
   3. Aim headlights.
   4. Identify

AUTO 207 - Heating and Air Conditioning Level 3

1. Complete general A/C System diagnosis and repair Level 3 NATEF tasks as listed below.
   1. Identify and interpret heating and air conditioning problems; determine necessary action.
   2. Research applicable vehicle and service information, vehicle service history, service precautions, and technical service bulletins.
   3. Performance test A/C system; identify problems.
   4. Identify abnormal operating noises in the A/C system; determine necessary action.
   5. Identify refrigerant type; select and connect proper gauge set; record temperature and pressure readings.
   6. Leak test A/C system; determine necessary action
   7. Inspect condition of refrigerant oil removed from A/C system; determine necessary action.
   8. Determine recommended oil and oil capacity for system application.
   9. Using a scan tool, observe and record related HVAC data and trouble codes.
2. Complete Level 3 NATEF tasks related to Refrigeration System Components as listed below.
   1. Inspect and replace A/C compressor drive belts, pulleys, and tensioners; determine necessary action.
   2. Inspect, test, service or replace A/C compressor clutch components and/or assembly; check compressor clutch air gap; adjust as needed.
   3. Remove, inspect, and reinstall A/C compressor and mountings; determine recommended oil quantity.
   4. Identify hybrid vehicle A/C system electrical circuits and the service/safety precautions.
   5. Determine need for an additional A/C system filter; perform necessary action.
   6. Remove and inspect A/C system mufflers, hoses, lines, fittings, O-rings, seals, and service valves; perform necessary action.
   7. Inspect A/C condenser for airflow restrictions; determine necessary action.
   8. Remove, inspect, and reinstall receiver/drier or accumulator/drier; determine recommended oil quantity.
   9. Remove, inspect, and install expansion valve or orifice (expansion) tube.
   10. Inspect evaporator housing water drain; perform necessary action.
   11. Diagnose A/C system conditions that cause the protection devices (pressure, thermal, and PCM) to interrupt system operation; determine necessary action.
3. Complete Level 3 NATEF tasks related to Heating, Ventilation, and Engine Cooling Systems Diagnosis and Repair as listed below.
   1. Inspect engine cooling and heater systems hoses; perform necessary action.
   2. Inspect and test heater control valve(s); perform necessary action.
   3. Diagnose temperature control problems in the heater/ventilation system; determine necessary action.
4. Complete Level 3 NATEF tasks related to Operating Systems and Related Controls Diagnosis and Repair as listed below.
   1. Inspect and test A/C-heater blower motors, resistors, switches, relays, wiring, and protection devices; perform necessary action.
   2. Diagnose A/C compressor clutch control systems; determine necessary action.
   3. Diagnose malfunctions in the vacuum, mechanical, and electrical components and controls of the heating, ventilation, and A/C (HVAC) system; determine necessary action.
   4. Inspect and test A/C-heater control panel assembly; determine necessary action.
   5. Inspect and test A/C-heater control cables, motors, and linkages; perform necessary action.
   6. Inspect A/C-heater ducts, doors, hoses, cabin filters, and outlets; perform necessary action.
   7. Identify the source of A/C system odors.
   8. Check operation of automatic or semi-automatic heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) control systems; determine necessary action.
5. Complete Level 3 NATEF tasks related to Refrigerant Recovery, Recycling, and Handling as listed below.
   1. Perform correct use and maintenance of refrigerant handling equipment according to equipment manufacturer’s standards.
   2. Identify and recover A/C system refrigerant.
   3. Recycle, label, and store refrigerant.
   4. Evacuate and charge A/C system; add refrigerant oil as required.

AUTO 208W - Engine Performance Level 3

1. Complete general engine Performance related Level 3 NATEF tasks as listed below.
   1. Identify and interpret engine performance concerns; determine necessary action.
   2. Research applicable vehicle and service information, vehicle service history, service precautions, and technical service bulletins.
   3. Diagnose abnormal engine noises or vibration concerns; determine necessary action.
   4. Diagnose abnormal exhaust color, odor, and sound; determine necessary action
   5. Perform engine absolute (vacuum/boost) manifold pressure tests; determine necessary action.
   6. Perform cylinder power balance test; determine necessary action.
   7. Perform cylinder cranking and running compression tests; determine necessary action.
   8. Perform cylinder leakage test; determine necessary action.
   9. Diagnose engine mechanical, electrical, electronic, fuel, and ignition concerns; determine necessary action.
   10. Verify engine operating temperature; determine necessary action.
   11. Verify correct camshaft timing.
2. Complete Level 3 NATEF tasks related to Computerized Engine Controls as listed below.
   1. Retrieve and record diagnostic trouble codes, OBD monitor status, and freeze frame data; clear codes when applicable.
   2. Access and use service information to perform step-by-step (troubleshooting) diagnosis.
   3. Perform active tests of actuators using a scan tool; determine necessary action.
   4. Describe the importance of running all OBDII monitors for repair verification.
   5. Diagnose the causes of emissions or driveability concerns with stored or active diagnostic trouble codes; obtain, graph, and interpret scan tool data.
   6. Diagnose emissions or driveability concerns without stored diagnostic trouble codes; determine necessary action.
   7. Inspect and test computerized engine control system sensors, powertrain/engine control module (PCM/ECM), actuators, and circuits using a graphing multimeter (GMM)/digital storage oscilloscope (DSO); perform necessary action.
   8. Diagnose driveability and emissions problems resulting from malfunctions of interrelated systems (cruise control, security alarms, suspension controls, traction controls, A/C, automatic transmissions, non-OEM installed accessories, or similar systems); determine necessary action.
3. Complete Level 3 NATEF tasks related to Ignition System Diagnosis and Repair as listed below.
   1. Diagnose (troubleshoot) ignition system related problems such as no-starting, hard starting, engine misfire, poor driveability, spark knock, power loss, poor mileage, and emissions concerns; determine necessary action.
   2. Inspect and test crankshaft and camshaft position sensor(s); perform necessary action.
   3. Inspect, test, and/or replace ignition control module, powertrain/engine control module; reprogram as necessary.
   4. Remove and replace spark plugs; inspect secondary ignition components for wear and damage.
4. Complete Level 3 NATEF tasks related to Fuel, Air Induction, and Exhaust Systems Diagnosis and Repair as listed below
   1. Diagnose (troubleshoot) hot or cold no-starting, hard starting, poor driveability, incorrect idle speed, poor idle, flooding, hesitation, surging, engine misfire, power loss, stalling,  poor mileage, dieseling, and emissions problems; determine necessary action.
   2. Check fuel for contaminants; determine necessary action.
   3. Inspect and test fuel pumps and pump control systems for pressure, regulation, and volume; perform necessary action.
   4. Replace fuel filter(s).
   5. Inspect, service, or replace air filters, filter housings, and intake duct work.
   6. Inspect throttle body, air induction system, intake manifold and gaskets for vacuum leaks and/or unmetered air.
   7. Inspect and test fuel injectors.
   8. Verify idle control operation.
   9. Inspect integrity of the exhaust manifold, exhaust pipes, muffler(s), catalytic converter(s), resonator(s), tail pipe(s), and heat shields; perform necessary action.
   10. Inspect condition of exhaust system hangers, brackets, clamps, and heat shields; repair or replace as needed.
   11. Perform exhaust system back-pressure test; determine necessary action.
   12. Check and refill diesel exhaust fluid (DEF).
5. Complete Level 3 NATEF tasks related to Emissions Control Systems as listed below.
   1. Diagnose oil leaks, emissions, and driveability concerns caused by the positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) system; determine necessary action.
   2. Inspect, test, and service positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) filter/breather cap, valve, tubes, orifices, and hoses; perform necessary action.
   3. Diagnose emissions and driveability concerns caused by the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system; determine necessary action.
   4. Diagnose emissions and driveability concerns caused by the secondary air injection and catalytic converter systems; determine necessary action.
   5. Diagnose emissions and driveability concerns caused by the evaporative emissions control system; determine necessary action.
   6. Inspect and test electrical/electronic sensors, controls, and wiring of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) systems; perform necessary action.
   7. Inspect, test, service, and replace components of the EGR system including tubing, exhaust passages, vacuum/pressure controls, filters, and hoses; perform necessary action.
   8. Inspect and test electrical/electronically-operated components and circuits of air injection systems; perform necessary action.
   9. Inspect and test catalytic converter efficiency.
   10. Inspect and test components and hoses of the evaporative emissions control system; perform necessary action.
   11. Interpret diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs) and scan tool data related to the emissions control systems; determine necessary action.

AUTO 216 - Hybrid Electrical Vehicle Safety

1. Complete all high-voltage safety tests with 100 percent accuracy and safely work on a High-Voltage Electric Vehicle (HEV).
   1. Research applicable vehicle and service information for Hybrid Electric Vehicles, VIN, RPO codes, systems description and operations, service precautions, symptoms, technical service bulletins, safety campaigns, scan tool parameters and definitions, diagnostic trouble codes and diagnostic procedures.
   2. Identify the main types of hybrid vehicle technologies and voltage categories.
      1. Safely de-power a hybrid electric vehicle.
      2. Safely perform high-voltage disconnects.
      3. Identify the unique service issues related to HEV high-voltage systems.
      4. Demonstrate the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) required.
      5. Explain possible hazards of driving, moving, and lifting a hybrid electric vehicle.
   3. Define series, parallel, and series-parallel mechanical/electrical power flow.
   4. Identify common hybrid powertrain subsystems.
   5. Identify a high-voltage cable or wire by its color.
   6. Explain how to use the “one hand rule” for working on electrical circuits.
   7. Explain the use of different classes of personal protection equipment (PPE), electrical-safety gloves. Select the proper gloves for working safely on available hybrid vehicles, test gloves for certification and insulation integrity.
   8. Describe and perform the different methods for jump starting or jump start assisting on different hybrid vehicles.
   9. Verify hazards and proper use of testing equipment, do’s and don’ts and the correct use on high-voltage systems.
   10. Describe the effects of different levels of electrical currents on the human body.
   11. Select proper multimeter category (CAT) and learn how to use on a hybrid electrical system.
   12. Demonstrate proficiency in the use of CAT III DMM and perform the necessary systems and components assessments.
   13. Verify using insulation tester on high-voltage circuits or components.
   14. Identify and verify operation of the high-voltage safety systems, the interlock system, the bus discharge circuit, comparators, voltage and fuel cutoffs, manual/service disconnect and isolation-fault detection systems.
   15. Practice Emergency Response. After studying first responder’s techniques and safety procedures you will:
       1. Safely de-power a Hybrid electric vehicle.
       2. Safely perform high-voltage disconnects.
       3. Identify the unique service issues related to HEV high-voltage systems.
       4. Demonstrate the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) required.
       5. Explain possible hazards of driving, moving, and lifting a Hybrid electric vehicle.

AUTO 226 - Hybrid Electric Vehicle Service I

1. Review high voltage Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) safety.
2. Diagnose alternating current (AC) Induction and Permanent Magnet Electric Motors.
   1. Describe the construction of rotors and stators.
   2. Explain how mutual induction is used to create a magnetic field in a conductor, transformers and motor.
   3. Describe how AC current flows through the stator coils to produce rotor rotation.
   4. Compare positive and negative slip rates as related to electric motor torque.
   5. Diagnose stator conductance valance, insulation and insulation contamination.
   6. Test the various electric machines using the appropriate diagnostic equipment. Test the electric function of all components of the electric motor as it operates as a motor/generator (MG).
   7. Diagnose the permanent magnet (PM) brushless motors.
   8. Explain strategy to overcome torque and speed loss used to assist regenerative braking.
   9. Verify diagnostic procedure related to regenerative braking and battery charging.
3. Diagnose Hybrid ICE (Internal Combustion Engine)
   1. Determine the kind  of vehicle ICE engine in sample vehicles.
   2. Compare Otto, Atkinson and combination Atkinson/Miller-cycle engines as well as light Diesel Engines.
   3. Describe how an Otto-cycle engine compares to an Atkinson-cycle engine at low, medium and high load ranges.
   4. Describe the advantages of combining an Atkinson-cycle engine with an electric traction system.
   5. Perform a compression test on an ICE engine in a hybrid vehicle.
4. Diagnose Power Inverters, Converters, and Electric Propulsion Sensing Systems.
   1. Identify power inverters location.
   2. Identify types of transistors used in power inverter.
   3. Describe current sensors applications for power inverters.
   4. Describe how sine waveforms are created.
   5. Verify sine wave conversion from direct current (DC) source using Oscilloscope.
   6. Demonstrate how to calculate rotor frequency and motor speed.
   7. Describe the operation of a DC brush type motor.
   8. Explain how power inverter boost is created.
   9. Describe the operation of the pack motor drive system.
   10. Verify regenerative braking system is working.
   11. Diagnose several styles of speed sensors, resolvers, encoders and proximity sensors.
   12. Diagnose throttle position sensors using scan tool and voltmeter.
   13. Identify other vehicle sensors that relate to electric propulsion system.
   14. Describe the functions, location and diagnosis of the AC to DC converter.
5. Diagnose and verify operation of Electric Transaxle and Cooling Systems
   1. Describe the components of the Toyota Prius EVT (Electronically Variable Transmission).
   2. Explain the roles of the Motor Generators (MG1 and MG2).
   3. Describe how the Prius transmission controls the infinite gear ratio.
   4. Identify and describe the construction of electronics and an electric motor cooling system.
   5. Perform Cooling System Service in a Prius.
6. Diagnose and repair Energy Management Hardware Systems
   1. Diagnose and replace high-voltage fuse following manufacturer’s instructions.
   2. Verify condition of wires, cables, and shielding.
   3. Describe operation and service of the pre-charge circuit.
   4. Perform test of pre-charged circuit.
   5. Describe operation and service procedures of battery-pack contactor system.
   6. Perform test of the battery pack contactor system.
   7. Describe the difference between active and passive thermal systems.
   8. Describe the operation and test procedures of terminal voltage sensing circuits.
7. Perform service procedures of flooded lead acid, AGM Deep Cycle Batteries and all high-voltage batteries.
   1. Diagnose State Of Charge, State Of Health, Energy Content of each battery: Flooded lead Acid, AGM, Deep Cycle, and High Voltage.
   2. Describe chemical processes to produce electricity, electrolyte analysis and battery inspection procedures.
   3. Complete service procedures to discharge and charge batteries.
   4. Define and calculate capacity rate and Amp-Hour energy content.
   5. Calculate electrical power on parallel and series battery configuration.
   6. Define energy density and power density.
   7. Diagnose specific energy and specific power content.
   8. Perform high-voltage battery discharge, charge and balance using computerized battery discharging and charging equipment.
8. Service Procedures of Hybrid Regenerative Braking Systems
   1. Describe how regenerative and hydraulic braking systems interact with battery pack State of Charge.
   2. Describe the different categories of braking system operation.
   3. Identify foundation brakes/ABS/TCS and hill-hold control function vs. creep-aid systems
9. Service Hybrid High-Voltage Climate Control Systems
   1. Service of high voltage air conditioning (A/C) compressor and Heating, Ventilation, Air-Conditioning systems.
   2. Service heating coolant pumps and heat storage system.
   3. Diagnose high voltage A/C power inverter.
   4. Test Amp/Hz of A/C compressor using inductive clamp method.
   5. Describe other A/C compressors; combination electric-belt driven.

AUTO 249 - AUTO Capstone

1. Students will review test taking and test preparation techniques for a computer based test.
2. Students will take the ASE A1-A8 technician certification exams, demonstrating knowledge of automotive service at a maintenance and light repair level.

BIO 101W - Introduction to Anatomy And Physiology

1. The student will develop an understanding of the relationship between anatomy and physiology in the human body.
   1. Define anatomy and physiology.
   2. List and describe the major characteristic of life.
   3. List and describe the major needs of organisms.
   4. Name (in order of increasing complexity) the different levels of structural organization that make up the human body, and explain their relationships.
   5. List the 11 organ systems of the body and briefly explain the major function(s) of each system.
2. The student will develop an understanding of homeostasis and system integration.
   1. Define homeostasis.
   2. Give an example of a homeostatic mechanism
   3. Define negative feedback and describe its role in maintaining body homeostasis.
   4. Explain the significance of homeostasis for living systems.
3. The student will speak effectively and accurately in the language of anatomy and physiology.
   1. Describe the anatomical position.
   2. Use correct anatomical terminology to describe body planes, body sections, body regions
   3. Identify the major body cavities and their subdivisions.
   4. Name the specific serous membranes.
4. The student will develop an understanding of the basic chemistry that is required to understand the functioning of the human body.
   1. Define chemical element and list the four elements that form the bulk of body matter.
   2. List the subatomic particles and describe their relative masses, charges, positions and functions in the atom.
   3. Define kinetic and potential energy and provide one example (from the body) of the use of each energy form.
   4. Distinguish between ionic and covalent bonds.
   5. Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds.
   6. Differentiate between an acid and a base.
   7. List several salts (or their ions) vitally important to body functioning.
   8. Define: enzyme, denatured.
   9. Explain the relationship between elements and atoms.
   10. Explain how molecular and structural formulas are used to symbolize the composition of compounds.
   11. Contrast synthesis and decomposition reactions.
   12. Explain the concept of pH and state the pH of blood.
   13. Compare and contrast carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in terms of their building blocks, structures, and functions in the body.
   14. Explain the role of enzymes in metabolic processes.
   15. Explain the importance of ATP in the body.
   16. Recognize that chemical reactions involve the interaction of electrons to make and break chemical bonds.
5. The student will develop an understanding of cells and how they carry out all the chemical activities needed to sustain life.
   1. Name the four elements that make up the bulk of living matter.
   2. Define: cell, organelle, anabolism, catabolism.
   3. Identify on a cell model or diagram the three major cell regions (nucleus, cytoplasm and cell membrane).
   4. Identify on a cell model or diagram the nucleus of a cell and identify the function.
   5. Identify on a cell model or diagram the organelles of a cell and identify the function.
   6. Define: selective permeability, diffusion (including dialysis and osmosis), active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis (including phagocytosis and pinocytosis), hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic.
   7. Identify on a diagram the components of the cell membrane.
   8. Describe briefly the process of DNA replication and of mitosis.
   9. Explain the importance of mitotic cell division.
   10. In relation to protein synthesis, describe the roles of DNA and of the three varieties of RNA.
   11. Relate the structure of the cell membrane to its function.
   12. Explain how genetic information is used in the control of cellular processes
6. The student will develop an understanding of the major tissue types in the human body.
   1. Name, define and describe the four major types of tissue of the body and their roles.
   2. List the major functions of epithelial tissue.
   3. Name and describe the three “layering” arrangements (simple, pseudostratified, stratified) of epithelial tissue.
   4. Name and describe the three “shape” categories (squamous, cuboidal, columnar) of epithelial tissue.
   5. Name the major types of epithelium and identify an organ in which each is found.
   6. List the function and location of the following connective tissue types:
   7. Loose(or areolar), adipose, dense regular, elastic, hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage, bone, blood
   8. Identify the major fibers of connective tissue.
   9. List the function and location of the following muscle tissue types: skeletal, smooth, cardiac.
   10. Describe the general characteristics and functions of nerve tissue.
7. The student will explain the role of the integumentary system as a functioning organ of the human body.
   1. List the general functions of each membrane type (cutaneous, mucous,serous, and synovial) and identify a location for each in the body.
   2. List several important functions of the integumentary system and explain how these functions are accomplished.
   3. List the functions of each of the two layers of the skin.
   4. List the functions of each of the accessory organs of the skin.
   5. Identify on a model or drawing the layers of the skin and the accessory structures of the skin.
   6. Name the uppermost and deepest layers of the epidermis and describe characteristics of each.
   7. Differentiate between first-, second-, and third-degree burns.
   8. Explain what accounts for individual and racial differences in skin, such as skin color.
8. The student will develop an understanding between the components of the skeletal system and their functions.
   1. Identify the subdivisions of the skeleton as axial or appendicular.
   2. List at least three functions of the skeletal system.
   3. Name the four main kinds of bones.
   4. Identify the major anatomical areas of a long bone.
   5. On a skull or diagram, identify and name the bones of the skull.
   6. Name the parts of a typical vertebra.
   7. On a diagram, identify the microscopic anatomy of compact bone.
   8. Name the three major categories of joints and compare the amount of movement allowed by each.
   9. List six types of freely moveable joints and identify an example of each of these joints.
   10. Identify on a skeleton or a drawing the regions of the vertebral column.
   11. Identify on a skeleton or a diagram the bones of the shoulder and pelvic girdles and their attached limbs.
   12. Explain the role of bone salts and the organic matrix in making bone both hard and flexible.
   13. Describe briefly the process of bone formation in the fetus and summarize the events of bone remodeling throughout life.
   14. Explain the role of PTH and calcitonin on bone density.
   15. Explain the role of fontanels in the fetal skeleton.
   16. Discuss the importance of intervertebral disks and spinal curvatures.
   17. Explain how the abnormal spinal curvatures (scoliosis, lordosis, and kyphosis) differ from one another.
9. The student will develop an understanding of the relationship between the microscopic anatomy and/or physiology of muscle tissues and their functions.
   1. Describe similarities and differences in the structure and function of the three types of muscle tissue and note where they are found in the body.
   2.  Define: fascia, epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, tendons, and aponeuroses.
   3. Define: tetanus, muscle fatigue, isotonic contractions, isometric contractions, muscle tone, muscle fatigue, oxygen debt.
   4. Explain the major events in muscle contraction. This should include: actin sliding past myosin, the shortening of sarcomeres, and the role of calcium ions. (Note: the need to know about calcium ions is to make a connection with Calcium blockers)
   5. Explain why a muscle will go into tetanic contraction.
   6. Explain the importance of a nerve supply to skeletal muscle in order for contraction to occur.
10. The student will become proficient with specific skeletal muscle names and their relative functions.
    1. Define: origin, insertion, prime mover.
    2. Demonstrate or identify the different types of body movement.
    3. Name and locate the major muscles of the human body on a model or diagram.
    4. Identify the following actions: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion, supination, pronation                                                                                                                              
11. Develop an understanding of a functional overview of the nervous system.
    1. List the general functions of the nervous system
    2. Define the terms central nervous system and peripheral nervous system and list the major parts of each.
    3. State the function of neurons and neuroglia.
    4. Sketch and label the structure of a typical neuron.
    5. List the types of general sensory receptors and describe their functions.
    6. Identify and indicate the functions of the major regions of the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum on a human brain model or diagram.
    7. Name the three meningeal layers and state their functions.
    8. List two important functions of the spinal cord.
    9. Name the components of a reflex arc and describe the function of each component.
    10. On a diagram, label the gross anatomy of the spinal cord.
    11. On a diagram, label the major structures seen in a cross section of the spinal cord.
    12. Identify at least six cranial nerves by number and name, and list the major functions of each.
    13. Describe the function of each component of a typical neuron.
    14. Describe the events that lead to the generation of a nerve impulse.
    15. Describe the major events that lead to the conduction of a nerve impulse from one neuron to another.
    16. Explain the importance of cerebrospinal fluid for protection of the brain.
    17. Describe the general structure of a nerve.
    18. Contrast the effect of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions on the following organs: heart, lungs, digestive system, blood vessels.
12. The student will develop a working knowledge of the structure and function of the special senses.
    1. Identify on a model or diagram the accessory structures of the eye and the internal anatomy of the eye and list the functions of each.
    2. Name the eye tunics and indicate the major function of each.
    3. Trace the visual pathway to the optic cortex.
    4. Define: accommodation, astigmatism, blind spot, cataract, emmetropia, glaucoma, hyperopia, myopia, refraction.
    5.  Identify on a model or diagram the structures of the external, middle, and internal ear and functions of each.
    6. Define sensorineural and conductive deafness and list possible causes of each.
    7. Describe the location, structure, and function of the olfactory and taste receptors.
13. The student will develop an understanding of the function and anatomy of the endocrine system.
    1. Define hormone and target organ.
    2. On an appropriate diagram, identify the major endocrine glands and tissues.
    3. List hormones produces by the endocrine glands and discuss their general functions.
    4. List the hormones of the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) and their principal actions
    5. Distinguish between endocrine and exocrine glands.
    6. Explain the three methods of endocrine gland stimuli.
    7. Discuss the role of insulin and glucagon in maintaining homeostasis.
    8. Describe the functional relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.
    9. Describe two major pathologic consequences of hypersecretion and hyposecretion of the hormones studied in this module.
    10. Identify negative and positive feedback systems.
14. The student will develop an understanding of the composition and functions of blood  
    1. Describe the composition and volume of whole blood.
    2. Describe the composition of plasma.
    3. List the cell types comprising the formed elements and identify the major functions of each type.
    4. Define: anemia, polycythemia, leukopenia, and leukocytosis.
    5. Identify the role of the hemocytoblast.
    6. Identify the major constituents of plasma and their functions.
    7. Discuss the importance of plasma in the body.
    8. Name at least two factors that may inhibit or enhance the blood-clotting process.
    9. Describe the ABO and Rh blood groups.
    10. Explain the basis for a transfusion reaction.
    11. Identify the role of hemoglobin
    12. Describe the three phases of hemostasis.
15. The student will develop an understanding of the anatomy and function of the circulatory system.
    1. Describe the location of the heart in the body.
    2. Identify the major anatomical features of the heart on a model or diagram.
    3. Trace the pathway of blood through the heart.
    4. Name the functional blood supply of the heart.
    5. Define: systole, diastole, stroke volume, and cardiac cycle, heart sounds, murmur, blood pressure, pulse, hypertension, atherosclerosis.
    6. Name the elements of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart and describe the pathway of impulses through this system.
    7. On a diagram, identify the body’s major arteries and veins.                                                                                          
    8. Identify or name several pulse points.
    9. List factors affecting and/or determining blood pressure.
    10. Name the fetal vascular modifications or “fetal shunts”.
    11. Name the two major types of structures composing the lymphatic system.
    12. Identify the function(s) of lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus, Peyer’s patches, and the spleen.
    13. Compare the pulmonary and systemic circuits.
    14. Explain the operation of the heart valves.
    15. Explain what information can be gained from an electrocardiogram (ECG).
    16. Describe the effect of the following on cardiovascular function: stimulation by the vagus nerve, epinephrine.
    17. Compare and contrast the structure and function of arteries, veins, and capillaries.
    18. Describe the exchanges that occur across capillary walls.
    19. Describe the composition of lymph and explain how it is formed and transported through the lymphatic vessels.
    20. Explain the function and importance of the hepatic-portal system.
16. The student will develop an understanding of the function of the non-specific and specific defenses of the human body.   
    1. Define antigen and antibody.
    2. Name the two arms of the immune response and relate each to a specific lymphocyte type (B or T cell).
    3. Name several antimicrobial substances produced by the body that act in nonspecific body defense.
    4. Describe the protective functions of skin and mucous membranes.
    5. Explain the importance of phagocytes and natural killer cells.
    6. Describe the roles of B cells, T cells, and memory cells.
    7. Describe several ways in which antibodies act against antigens.
    8. Distinguish between active and passive immunity.
    9. Distinguish between primary and secondary humoral responses to an antigen.
17. The student will develop an understanding of the anatomy and function of the respiratory system.
    1. Name and identify on a diagram or model the organs forming the respiratory passageway from the nasal cavity to the alveoli of the lungs.
    2. Define: cellular respiration, external respiration, internal respiration, pulmonary ventilation, expiration, inspiration, apnea, hyperventilation, hypoventilation.
    3. Name the brain areas involved in control of respiration.
    4. Describe the function of each of the organs forming the respiratory passageway from the  nasal cavity to the alveoli of the lungs.
    5. Explain how the respiratory muscles cause volume changes that lead to air flow into and out of the lungs.
    6. Describe the process of gas exchanges in the lungs and tissues.
18. The student will develop an understanding of the anatomy and function of the digestive system.
    1. Name the organs of the alimentary canal and accessory digestive organs and identify each on an appropriate diagram or model.
    2. Identify the overall function of the digestive system as digestion and absorption of foodstuffs.
    3. Define: nutrients, fat soluble vitamins, water soluble vitamins, essential nutrients.
    4.  Describe the general activities of each digestive system organ.
    5. Describe the composition and function(s) of saliva.
    6. Describe the metabolic roles of the liver.
19. The student will develop an understanding of the anatomy and function of the urinary system.
    1. Describe the location of the kidneys in the body.
    2. List substances that are abnormal urinary components.
    3. Identify on a diagram or model the organs of the urinary system.
    4. Define micturition.
    5. Identify the effects of the following on kidney function: hypertension, occlusion of the afferent arteriole.
    6. Describe the anatomy of the nephron.
    7. Describe the process of urine formation, identifying the areas of the nephron that are responsible for filtration, reabsorption and secretion.
    8. Describe the function of the kidneys in excretion of nitrogen-containing wastes.
    9. Explain the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the regulation of water balance by the kidney.
    10. Explain the role of aldosterone in sodium and potassium balance of the blood.
    11. Describe the difference in control of the external and internal urethral sphincters.
    12. Compare the course and length of the male urethra to that of the female.
20. The student will develop an understanding of the anatomy and function of the female and male reproductive system.
    1. Identify on a model or diagram the organs of the male reproductive system.
    2. Name the endocrine and exocrine products of the testes.
    3. List the composition of semen and name the glands that produce it.
    4. Trace the pathway followed by sperm from the testis to the body exterior.
    5. Define: erection, ejaculation, circumcision, meiosis, spermatogenesis, endometrium, myometrium, ovulation, oogenesis, fertilization, zygote, menarche, menopause, implantation, HCG.
    6. Identify on a model or diagram the organs of the female reproductive system.
    7. List the functions of the vesicular follicle and corpus luteum of the ovary.
    8. Identify on a model or diagram the structure of the mammary glands.
    9. Identify the phases of the menstrual cycle.
    10. Identify the phases of the uterine and ovarian cycle.
    11. List the major functions of the placenta.
    12. Trace the path followed by an egg after ovulation.
    13. Discuss the general function of each organ of the male reproductive system.
    14. Describe the structure of a sperm and relate its structure to its function.
    15. Describe the effect of FSH and LH on testis functioning.
    16. Discuss the general function of each organ of the female reproductive system, including the regions of the uterus (cervix, fundus, body).
    17. Describe how labor is initiated and briefly discuss the three stages of labor.
    18. Distinguish between an embryo and a fetus.
    19. Describe the influence of FSH and LH on ovarian function.
    20. Relate the blood levels of estrogens and progesterone to the ovarian and uterine cycle.
21. Perform writing tasks to promote learning.
22. Write effectively for a specific audience and purpose.
23. Demonstrate the learning of concepts through writing.

BIO 110W - Environmental Science

1. Use scientific thinking as a foundation for critical thinking.
   1. Make predictions
   2. Construct reasonable hypotheses
   3. Collect reliable data
   4. Represent data in a reasonable form such as graph, chart or table
   5. Interpret the data.
   6. Draw reasonable conclusions based on the data.
   7. Effectively communicate results and conclusions to others.
   8. Distinguish between correlation and cause and effect.
   9. Collaborate with others in small groups.
   10. Read and write critically
   11. Listen actively
   12. Integrate concepts to solve problems
   13. Draw logical conclusions and Identify trends and patterns
2. Use technology associated with the field.
   1. Use a microscope to view small objects.
   2. Use computers to help manage and analyze data.
   3. Use other appropriate instruments.
   4. Use field testing equipment
   5. Conduct simple chemical testing for soil and water samples
   6. Adhere to laboratory safety guidelines.
3. Discuss relationships between environmental science and other fields of knowledge
   1. Discuss examples where environmental science relates to other scientific fields such as chemistry, geology, astronomy, psychology, economics, and agriculture.
   2. Discuss examples where environmental science relates to non-scientific fields of politics, ethics, and industry.
4. Describe the interconnectedness between biological systems and the environment.
   1. Describe the relationship between biology, technology and society.
   2. Recognize the use of energy in a variety of biological settings.
   3. Describe how living organisms, nonliving matter, and energy are interconnected
   4. Give examples of biological unity within biological diversity.
   5. Describe how human activities impact living and non-living factors in Earth’s systems.
   6. Illustrate the interdependence of biological systems.
   7. Identify relevant scientific information needed for informed decision making.
   8. Identify the rapid advances currently being made in environmental science.
5. Demonstrate understanding of sustainability.
   1. Describe the scientific investigative process.
   2. Distinguish the difference between living and non-living things.
   3. Generalize the basic chemical and energetic principles that govern any biological system.
   4. Relate population genetics, natural selection, evolution/adaptation, biodiversity, and taxonomic groupings observed in earth’s natural history.
   5. Relate ecology, energy flow, chemical cycles, population dynamics, behavior and natural selection.
   6. Relate ecological principles to human concerns.
   7. Understand the impacts of human population and energy use.
   8. Relate human population and energy use to agricultural practices, water quality, air quality, and solid and hazardous waste management.
   9. Understand the basics of climate change and its impact on humans and the environment.
   10. Defend the need for environmental conservation and practices that promote ecosystem and human sustainability.

BIO 111W - Principles of Biology

1. Demonstrate an understanding of the scientific process and logical reasoning.    
   1. Describe basic assumptions in science.
   2. Explain why correlation does not imply causation.
2. Develop a simple experimental design as a means of investigation and as a way of thinking critically.
   1. Formulate a clear and testable hypothesis.
   2. Design an experiment to test the hypothesis (includes experimental groups and control group).
   3. Identify all variables (DV, IV and CVs).
   4. Collect and analyze data.
   5. Discuss the results and draw conclusions.
   6. Share experience gained.
3. Communicate about biological topics.
   1. Successfully read a passage of text to gather information.
   2. Employ writing to communicate ideas appropriate to the discipline.
   3. Demonstrate appropriate interpersonal skills in teamwork assignments.
4. Demonstrate an understanding of how living things differ from non-living and never living things.
   1. Identify the attributes of living things.
   2. Differentiate living from non-living and never living.
5. Demonstrate an understanding of the basic chemistry of life.
   1. List four major groups of organic molecules associated with living things.
   2. Describe general function of each major group of organic molecules.
   3. Explain factors affecting enzymes activity.
   4. Explain the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.
6. Use technology for survey and/or scientific investigation.
   1. Use a microscope for cellular identification.
   2. Use computers or calculators for data analysis.
   3. Use other instruments appropriate to the field of biology.
7. Demonstrate an understanding of basic cellular structures and functions.
   1. Identify cell types.
   2. Compare cellular structures between cell types.
   3. Describe functions of cellular structures.
   4. Discuss basic chemicals pathways of cellular respiration.
   5. Discuss basic chemicals pathways of photosynthesis.
8. Demonstrate an understanding of how cells use genetic information.
   1. DNA<->RNA->Protein:
      1. Define terms common to DNA>RNA>Protein.
      2. Explain the structure and replication of DNA.
      3. Explain the processes of transcription and translation.
      4. Describe factors controlling gene expression.
      5. Discuss how mutations affect protein synthesis.
   2. Mitosis and Cancer:
      1. Describe the events of the cell cycle.
      2. Describe how a mitotic cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells.
      3. Explain cellular basis of cancer.
   3. Meiosis and Genetic Variations:
      1. Explain stages of meiotic division.
      2. Explain the role of sexual reproduction in genetic diversity.
      3. Explain how chromosomal abnormality can occur by meiosis.
   4. Heredity:
      1. Define terms common to basic genetics.
      2. Explain single and double factor case of inheritance.
      3. Explain common cases of inheritance beyond Mendelian genetics
      4. Describe epigenetic effects on gene expression.
9. Demonstrate an understanding of how population genetics and evolution relate to each other.
   1. Population Genetics:
      1. Define terms common to population genetics.
      2. List three methods used to distinguish species from one another.
      3. List factors affecting genetic diversity in the population of species.
      4. Describe how the Hardy-Weinberg concept is applicable.
   2. Evolution and Natural Selection:
      1. Describe the development of evolutionary thought from historical perspectives.
      2. Describe how the concepts of evolution and adaptation are related.
      3. Explain how natural selection works.
      4. Describe mechanisms of evolution other than natural selection.
      5. Describe how human evolution is supported by scientific evidence.
10. Demonstrate an understanding of the principles of ecology and how they relate to the human community.
    1. Define an ecosystem.
    2. Describe the structure of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
    3. Explain how energy drives geochemical cycle of elements in an ecosystem.
    4. Discuss pyramids of energy, biomass and numbers of an ecosystem.
    5. Discuss the effects of human activities on ecosystems.
    6. Explain why precipitation and temperature and/or altitude can influence the type of biome existing in a given area.
    7. Identify the characteristics that vary between biomes and provide examples.
    8. Explain the competitive exclusion principle.
    9. Describe the process of succession.
11. Demonstrate an understanding of the tree-of-life as a scientific hypothesis accounting for the development and evolution of life on Earth.
    1. Describe spontaneous generation and biogenesis.
    2. Explain experiments of historical significance in supporting spontaneous generation and biogenesis.
12. Demonstrate an understanding of the classification and evolution of organisms:
    1. List the domains of organisms.
    2. Classify organisms into correct kingdoms for each domain.
    3. Describe the scientific method for naming organisms.
    4. Explain the difference between taxonomy and phylogeny.
    5. Distinguish major characteristics of members of the three domains.
13. Demonstrate an understanding of the health implications of human anatomy, physiology, nutrition and reproduction.
    1. List parts of the digestive, circulatory and respiratory systems.
    2. Explain basic functions of digestive, circulatory and respiratory systems.
    3. Explain the principles of healthy and proper diet.
    4. Describe the role of proper diet and regular exercise on achieving physical fitness.
    5. Explain what factor determines sex in humans.
    6. Discuss mechanisms of sexual hormonal balance in males and females.
    7. List the leading methods of contraception and their effectiveness in preventing births and STDs.
14. Demonstrate an understanding of how biology relates to other fields ofknowledge and application.
    1. Explain how biology relates to other branches of science.
    2. Explain how biology relates to social sciences and Humanities.
    3. Explain how biology relates to arts and business.

BIO 113 - Trees and Shrubs Of Michigan

1. Participate in the process of science.
   1. Make observations
   2. Design, conduct experiments
   3. Formulate and test hypothesis
   4. Collect data
   5. Analyze data
   6. Draw conclusions
   7. Report results
   8. Analyze and revise
2. Work collaboratively with classmates and instructor.
   1. Participate in field exercises with 1-3 classmates.
   2. Share the workload in each field experience.
   3. Share experience of acquiring, transporting, cleaning, and storing equipment used in class.
   4. Share ideas and effectively dialogue with classmates.
3. Demonstrate the competent use of instruments and technology used in the field to analyze trees, shrubs and ecosystem symbiosis and synergy.
   1. Use metric systems and typical devices to measure mass, length, volume and temperature.
   2. Follow directions provided with various kinds of scientific equipment.
   3. Use a pH meter, light meter, tree borer, compass, and triangulation devices.
4. Competently communicate about Michigan trees, shrubs and their biotic and abiotic interaction.
   1. Read critically
   2. Write effectively
   3. Listen actively
   4. Speak effectively
   5. Be able to interpret graphs, charts
   6. Compile a journal summarizing appropriate activities
5. Be able to demonstrate the ability to think critically.
   1. Integrate concepts.
   2. Solve problems.
   3. Draw logical conclusions.
   4. Carefully examine evidence.
   5. Correlate relationships.
   6. Distinguish between simple correlation and cause and effect.
6. Demonstrate competence in preparation of and participation in field activities.
   1. Participate in field activities and use appropriate equipment to conduct field activities.
   2. Select appropriate dress and equipment for overnight experience or single-day experience.
   3. Demonstrate safe and appropriate behavior during sessions.
   4. Use keys and resource books to identify and set perspective of natural history of organisms.
   5. Measure and characterize individual species members and their environmental significance.
   6. Report the results of outdoor studies conducted during sessions.
7. Describe trees, shrubs in relationship to one another and their non-living environment.
   1. Identify biotic and abiotic factors in appropriate settings.
   2. Describe the niche and habitat concept.
   3. Differentiate between a community and an ecosystem.
   4. List components of an ecosystem.
   5. Describe and identify individual and groups of trees and shrubs.
   6. Recognize symbiotic and synergistic relationships in ecosystems visited.
   7. Explain natural history of key species.
   8. Understand medicinal value of lay species.
   9. Understand historical significance of key species.
   10. Relate environmental factors to diversity, abundance and quality of species observed.
8. Describe how the biotic elements in the ecosystems change over time in Michigan.
   1. Recognize primary and secondary succession.
   2. Recognize the process of succession from pioneer species to climax species.
   3. Describe the disclimax succession.
   4. Identify and describe the trees and shrubs of the grassland, deciduous forest, coniferous forest, marsh, bog and swamp.
   5. Recognize the physical features which will determine type of climax forest.
   6. Describe the role of soil type, hydrology, and local physiographic factors.
   7. Describe the structure of a plant community including canopy trees, understory trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants.

BIO 114 - Animal Behavior - The Wolf

1. Participate in the process of science.
   1. Make observations.
   2. Design experiments.
   3. Conduct experiments.
   4. Formulate and test hypotheses.
   5. Collect data.
   6. Analyze data.
   7. Draw conclusions.
   8. Report results.
   9. Explain the evaluation and revision process of science.
2. Work collaboratively with classmates.
   1. Participate in laboratory experiments and field activities with 1-3 classmates or entire class.
   2. Share the workload of small group activities.
   3. Share the responsibility of acquiring, cleaning and putting away laboratory and field equipment.
   4. Share ideas and respectfully receive the ideas of classmates and research staff at Wolf Park.
3. Appreciate the competent use of various instruments measuring physiological processes involved in behavioral activities.
   1. Use binoculars and spotting scopes to view wolf interactions.
   2. Demonstrate competence in use of sound recording devices.
   3. Interpret ethograms.
4. Competently communicate about ethology topics.
   1. Read critically.
   2. Write effectively.
   3. Listen actively.
   4. Speak effectively.
   5. Develop and interpret graphs, sonographs and ethograms.
   6. Compile a journal of observations and experiences related to field activities while at Wolf Park.
5. Demonstrate the ability to think critically.
   1. Integrate concepts.
   2. Solve problems.
   3. Draw logical conclusions.
   4. Make predictions based on evidence.
   5. Identify trends and patterns.
   6. Distinguish between simple correlation and cause-and-effect.
6. Demonstrate appropriate preparation to participate in outdoor field activities involving ethology of wolves. Corollary: ethology of dogs, coyotes and foxes.
   1. Participate in field activities and use appropriate equipment to conduct the field activities.
   2. Select appropriate clothing and equipment for a Wolf Park weekend outing in spring.
   3. Demonstrate safe and appropriate behavior while conducting field activities.
   4. Use resource books and handouts to understand wolf behavior. Interact with student researchers and Park supervisors when appropriate.
   5. Characterize the status of each wolf in the pack demonstrating comprehension of pack hierarchy dynamics.
   6. Report results of some aspect of behavior dynamics which were observed.
7. Demonstrate general behavioral characteristics of the timber wolf. In addition, the student will compare behavior of wolf with coyote, fox and domestic dog.
   1. Understand reproductive physiology generally.
   2. Understand pack dynamics.
   3. Understand predator-prey relationships.
   4. Understand the role of humans in pack dynamics of captive wolves.
   5. Understand selection of Alpha, Beta, and Omega positions over time.
   6. Understand seasonal and daily bio-rhythms of wolves.
   7. Understand diet and nutrition of wolves.
   8. Understand behavioral differences in captive and wild wolves.
   9. Understand the natural history of the wolf and its future.
   10. Understand the impact of the wolf on ecosystems and that relationship to man.

BIO 114A - Animal Behavior - Dolphin

1. Participate in the process of science.
   1. Make observations.
   2. Design experiments.
   3. Conduct experiments.
   4. Formulate and test hypotheses.
   5. Collect data.
   6. Analyze data.
   7. Draw conclusions.
   8. Report results.
   9. Explain the evaluation and revision process of science.
2. Work collaboratively with classmates.
   1. Participate in laboratory experiments and field activities.
   2. Share the workload of small group activities.
   3. Share the responsibility of acquiring, cleaning and putting away laboratory and field equipment.
   4. Share ideas and respectfully receive the ideas of classmates and research staff.
3. Appreciate the competent use of various instruments measuring physiological processes involved in behavioral activities.
   1. Use appropriate instruments to observe animal behavior.
   2. Interpret ethograms.
4. Competently communicate about ethology topics.
   1. Read critically.
   2. Write effectively.
   3. Listen actively.
   4. Speak effectively.
   5. Develop and interpret graphs, sonographs and ethograms.
   6. Compile a journal of observations and experiences related to field activities.
5. Demonstrate the ability to think critically.
   1. Integrate concepts.
   2. Solve problems.
   3. Draw logical conclusions.
   4. Make predictions based on evidence.
   5. Identify trends and patterns.
   6. Distinguish between simple correlation and cause-and-effect.
6. Demonstrate appropriate preparation to participate in outdoor field activities.
   1. Participate in field activities and use appropriate equipment to conduct the field activities.
   2. Select appropriate clothing and equipment for the field work in the course.
   3. Demonstrate safe and appropriate behavior while conducting field activities.
   4. Use resource books and handouts to understand ethology.
   5. Report results of some aspect of behavior dynamics which were observed.
7. Demonstrate general behavioral characteristics of the species of study and compare and contrast the specific animal behavior with that of other mammals.
   1. Describe basic physiology.
   2. Describe colony dynamics and pair dynamics when appropriate.
   3. Describe behavior modification and training techniques.
   4. Describe maternity behavior.
   5. Describe basic conservation issues.
   6. Describe mammal stranding theory and cooperative strategies.
   7. Describe basic habitat ecology.

BIO 116W - Winter Ecology

1. Participate in the process of science.
   1. Make observations
   2. Design experiments.
   3. Conduct experiments.
   4. Formulate and test hypotheses.
   5. Collect data.
   6. Analyze data.
   7. Draw Conclusions
   8. Report results.
   9. Explain the evaluation and revision process of science.
2. Work collaboratively with classmates.
   1. Participate in field activities with 1-3 classmates.
   2. Share the workload of small group activities.
   3. Share the responsibility of acquiring, cleaning and putting away laboratory and field equipment.
   4. Share ideas and respectfully receive the ideas of classmates.
3. Competently communicate about environmental topics.
   1. Read critically.
   2. Write effectively.
   3. Listen actively.
   4. Speak effectively.
   5. Develop and interpret graphs and flow charts.
   6. Compile a log of activities and impressions obtained in outdoor settings in winter.
4. Demonstrate the ability to think critically.
   1. Integrate concepts.
   2. Solve problems.
   3. Draw logical conclusions.
   4. Make predictions based on experience.
   5. Identify trends and patterns.
   6. Distinguish between simple correlation and cause-and-effect.
5. Demonstrate appropriate preparation to participate in outdoor field activities in the winter.
   1. Plan field activities and select and use appropriate equipment to conduct the field activities.
   2. Select appropriate clothing and equipment for winter weather.
   3. Demonstrate safe and appropriate behavior while conducting field activities.
   4. Identify organisms and their activities in the field.
   5. Measure and characterize physical environmental characteristics.
   6. Report the results of outdoor studies conducted during the class.
6. Describe why we have a seasonal climate and how winter is different from other seasons.
   1. Describe how the tilt of the earth’s axis and the earth’s movement contribute to the seasonal nature of our climate.
   2. State major physical environmental changes that characterize winter.
   3. Describe the impact of various kinds of precipitation on organisms during winter.
7. Describe structural, physiological, and behavioral adjustments organisms make to survive winter.
   1. Describe how annual, biennial and perennial herbaceous plants survive winter.
   2. State the different mechanisms used by woody perennials to avoid damage during winter.
   3. Compare deciduous and coniferous trees and the mechanisms they use to survive winter.
   4. Characterize the different strategies used by poikilotherms, homeotherms and hibernators to survive winter.
8. Describe changes that occur in ecosystems during winter.
   1. Describe how populations of organisms change during winter.
   2. State examples of changed behavior of animals that is related to winter.
   3. Describe reasons why ecosystems are simplified during winter.
   4. Relate the reproductive cycles of organisms to seasonal climates that include a winter period.
9. Describe how living organisms, non-living matter, and energy are interconnected.
   1. Identify the abiotic and biotic factors in an ecosystem.
   2. Describe the niche concept.
   3. List components of an ecosystem.
   4. Describe the role of producer, herbivore, carnivore, scavenger, parasite, and decomposer in an ecosystem.
   5. Describe energy flow in an ecosystem.
   6. Relate the concept of food web an flood chain to trophic levels.
   7. Recognize that the process of natural selection operates to refine the fit between an organism and its habitat.
10. Describe various factors that influence the kind of biotic community that will develop in a region of the world.
    1. Identify physical and biological characteristics of the temperate deciduous forests, boreal forests and tundra.
    2. Relate the physical environment of temperate deciduous forest, boreal forest, and tundra to kinds of plants and animals that live in the regions.
11. Perform writing tasks to promote learning.
12. Write effectively for a specific audience and purpose.

BIO 117 - Birds of Michigan

1. Demonstrate understanding of birds in the natural setting.
   1. Identify biotic and abiotic factors that affect birds.
   2. Describe the concepts of niche and habitat.
   3. Explain the natural history of key species.
   4. Explain migration and relate to seasonal habitats.
   5. Relate environmental factors to diversity, abundance and quality of species observed.
   6. Understand the concepts of range and distribution of birds.
   7. Identify and describe key plant communities in relationship to avian territories and feeding habits.
   8. Predict species location according to habitat and ecosystem.
   9. Describe differences between, fledglings and male and female adults over seasons.
   10. Compile a journal of all required activities.
2. Use field instruments or technology to identify birds or their behavior.
   1. Effectively use binoculars and spotting scopes.
   2. Effectively use field identification techniques for sighting and identifying birds.
   3. Become proficient in the use of a field guide to birds.
3. Participate appropriately in field activities.
   1. Use appropriate equipment to conduct field activities.
   2. Select appropriate dress for a single-day field experience.
   3. Demonstrate safe and appropriate behavior, for both humans and wildlife, during sessions.
4. Use the Scientific Method.
   1. Review research on a subject where data is analyzed and collected
   2. Summarize and report the findings of the research
   3. Draw independent conclusions based on research.
5. Work collaboratively with classmates and instructor.
   1. Participate in field activities.
   2. Demonstrate an ability to work with others during field experiences.
   3. Participate in transporting, cleaning, and storing equipment used in class.
   4. Compile a journal of all required activities.

BIO 118 - Michigan Wildflowers

1. Use the Scientific Method.
   1. Review research on a subject where data is analyzed and collected.
   2. Summarize and report the findings of the research
   3. Draw independent conclusions based on research.
2. Work collaboratively with classmates and instructor.
   1. Participate in field activities.
   2. Demonstrate an ability to work with others during field experiences.
   3. Assist with transporting, cleaning, and storing equipment used in class.
   4. Compile a journal of all required activities.
3. Participate appropriately in field activities.
   1. Participate in field activities and use appropriate equipment to conduct field activities.
   2. Select appropriate dress for overnight experience or single-day experience.
   3. Demonstrate an ability to work with others during field experiences.
   4. Use keys and resource books to identify and set the perspective of the natural history of organisms.
4. Describe Michigan wildflowers in relationship to their habitat and distribution.
   1. Identify biotic and abiotic factors in appropriate settings.
   2. Describe the concepts of niche and habitat concept.
   3. Differentiate between a community and an ecosystem.
   4. Describe and identify individual related species of Michigan wildflowers.
   5. Relate environmental factors to diversity, abundance and quality of species observed.
5. Demonstrate an understanding of how the biotic elements in the ecosystems change over time in Michigan.
   1. Identify and describe the wildflowers of a grassland, deciduous forest, coniferous forest, marsh, bog and swamp.
   2. Recognize the physical and seasonal features which determine types of wildflowers seen.
   3. Describe the role of soil type, hydrology and local physiographic factors on habitat and distribution of wildflowers.
   4. Describe the relationship of wildflowers to shrubs and trees of each ecosystem visited.

BIO 119 - Stream Ecology

1. Participate in the process of science.
   1. Make observations.
   2. Design experiments.
   3. Conduct experiments.
   4. Formulate and test hypotheses.
   5. Collect data.
   6. Analyze data.
   7. Draw conclusions.
   8. Report results.
   9. Explain the evaluation and revision process of science.
2. Work collaboratively with classmates.
   1. Participate in laboratory experiments and field activities with 1-3 classmates.
   2. Share the work load of small group activities.
   3. Share the responsibility of acquiring, cleaning and putting away laboratory and field equipment.
   4. Share ideas and respectfully receive the ideas of classmates.
3. Demonstrate the competent use of common instruments and technology used in environmental investigation.
   1. Use microscopes to view objects.
   2. Use the metric system and typical devices to measure mass, length, volume, and temperature.
   3. Follow directions provided with various kinds of scientific equipment.
   4. Use a pH meter.
   5. Use chemical tests and indicators to measure concentrations of specific chemicals.
4. Competently communicate about environmental topics.
   1. Read critically.
   2. Write effectively.
   3. Listen actively.
   4. Speak effectively.
   5. Develop and interpret graphs and flow charts.
   6. Compile a journal of observations and experiences related to field activities on rivers.
5. Demonstrate the ability to think critically.
   1. Integrate concepts.
   2. Solve problems.
   3. Draw logical conclusions.
   4. Make predictions based on evidence.
   5. Identify trends and patterns.
   6. Distinguish between simple correlation and cause-and-effect.
6. Demonstrate appropriate preparation to participate in outdoor field activities involving sampling and characterizing a stream.
   1. Participate in field activities and use appropriate equipment to conduct the field activities.
   2. Select appropriate clothing and equipment for a canoeing/camping outing in early fall.
   3. Demonstrate safe and appropriate behavior while conducting field activities.
   4. Use keys and resource books to identify organisms typically found in streams.
   5. Measure and characterize physical environmental characteristics of streams.
   6. Report the results of outdoor studies conducted during the class.
7. Describe how living organisms, non-living matter, and energy are interconnected.
   1. Identify the abiotic and biotic factors in an aquatic ecosystem.
   2. Describe the niche concept.
   3. Describe predator-prey, parasite-host, competitive, mutualistic, and commensalistic
   4. Describe the role of producer, herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, scavenger, parasite, and decomposer in an aquatic ecosystem.
   5. Describe energy flow in an aquatic ecosystem.
   6. Relate the concept of food web and food chain to trophic levels.
   7. Explain the cycling of nutrients, such as nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorous, through a stream ecosystem.
   8. Describe the process of natural selection as it operates to refine the fit between an organism and its stream habitat.
   9. Recognize that all organisms have an impact on their surroundings.
8. Compare streams of different quality.    
   1. Identify organisms typically found in polluted streams and contrast them with organisms typical of unpolluted streams.
   2. Identify physical environmental conditions typical of polluted streams and contrast them with environmental conditions typical of unpolluted streams.
   3. Relate biodiversity to stream quality.
9. Characterize the abiotic and biotic characteristics of a stream.
   1. Describe ways in which stream ecosystems differ from terrestrial ecosystems in terms of the dominant insect groups, the source of new organic matter, and the role of decomposers, herbivores, and carnivores.
   2. Describe how land use patterns influence the nature of a stream.
   3. Describe the role flow rate, oxygen concentration, substrate, temperature, clarity, and dissolved and suspended solids influence the kinds of organisms present.
   4. Describe methods used by various kinds of stream insects to capture food.
   5. Describe the life cycles of stream insects.

BIO 123 - Survey of Michigan Plant Communities

1. Participate in the process of science.
   1. Make observations.
   2. Design experiments.
   3. Conduct experiments.
   4. Formulate and test hypotheses.
   5. Collect data.
   6. Analyze data.
   7. Draw conclusions.
   8. Report results.
   9. Explain the evaluation and revision process of science.
2. Work collaboratively with classmates.
   1. Participate in field activities with 1-3 classmates.
   2. Share the workload of small group activities.
   3. Share the responsibility of acquiring, cleaning, and putting away sampling equipment.
   4. Share ideas and respectfully receive the ideas of classmates.
3. Demonstrate the competent use of common instruments and technology used in environmental investigation.
   1. Use the metric system and typical devices to measure mass, length, volume, and temperature.
   2. Follow directions provided with various kinds of scientific equipment.
   3. Use a pH meter.
4. Competently communicate about environmental topics.
   1. Read critically.
   2. Write effectively.
   3. Listen actively.
   4. Speak actively.
   5. Develop and interpret graphs and flow charts.
   6. Compile a journal of activities and impressions obtained in outdoor settings while experiencing different kinds of ecosystems.
5. Demonstrate the ability to think critically.
   1. Integrate concepts.
   2. Solve problems.
   3. Draw logical conclusions.
   4. Make predictions based on evidence.
   5. Identify trends and patterns.
   6. Distinguish between simple correlation and cause-and-effect.
6. Demonstrate appropriate preparation to participate in outdoor field activities in the winter.
   1. Participate in field activities and use appropriate equipment to conduct the field activities.
   2. Select appropriate clothing and equipment for the outdoor setting in late spring or early summer.
   3. Demonstrate safe and appropriate behavior while conducting field activities.
   4. Use keys and resource books to identify organisms and their activities in the field.
   5. Measure and characterize physical environmental characteristics.
   6. Report the results of outdoor studies conducted during the class.
7. Describe how living organisms, non-living matter, and energy are interconnected.
   1. Identify the abiotic and biotic factors in an ecosystem.
   2. Describe the niche concept.
   3. Differentiate between a community and an ecosystem.
   4. List components of an ecosystem.
   5. Describe the role of producer, herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, scavenger, parasite, and decomposer in an ecosystem.
   6. Describe energy flow in an ecosystem.
   7. Relate the concept of food web and food chain to trophic levels.
   8. Explain the cycling of nutrients, such as nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorous, through an ecosystem.
   9. Describe the process of natural selection as it operates to refine the fit between an organism and its habitat.
   10. Recognize that all organisms have an impact on their surroundings.
   11. Relate physical environmental factors to the kinds of organisms found in a community.
8. Describe the various factors that influence biotic communities change and determine the kinds of climax communities typical of Michigan.
   1. Recognize the difference between primary and secondary succession.
   2. Describe the process of succession from pioneer to climax community in both terrestrial and aquatic situations.
   3. Identify physical and biological characteristics of open grasslands, deciduous forest, boreal forest, marsh, bog, and swamp
   4. Recognize the physical environmental factors that determine the kind of climax community that will develop in an area.
   5. Describe the role of soil type, hydrology, local physiographic features, fire, seed sources, and historical land use patterns have in determining the nature of a plant community.
   6. Describe the characteristics of soil and how different soil types influence plant communities.
   7. Describe the structure of a plant community including canopy trees, understory trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants.

BIO 126 - Ecology and Natural History of Isle Royale National Park

1. Participate in the process of science.
   1. Make observations.
   2. Design experiments.
   3. Conduct experiments.
   4. Formulate and test hypotheses.
   5. Collect data.
   6. Analyze data.
   7. Draw conclusions.
   8. Report results.
   9. Explain the evaluation and revision process of science.
2. Work collaboratively with classmates.
   1. Participate in laboratory experiments and field activities with 1-3 classmates or entire class.
   2. Share the workload of small group activities.
   3. Share the responsibility of acquiring, cleaning and putting away laboratory and field equipment.
   4. Share ideas and respectfully receive ideas of class notes and Park Service officials, as well as class supervisors.
3. Demonstrate the competent use of common instruments and technology in environmental investigation.
   1. Use binoculars and spotting scopes to view various wildlife interactions.
   2. Demonstrate the use of sound recording devices.
   3. Read compass and follow maps of details/trails on island.
4. Competently communicate about environmental topics.
   1. Read critically.
   2. Write effectively.
   3. Listen actively.
   4. Speak effectively.
   5. Develop and interpret graphs and flow charts.
   6. Compile a journal of activities and impressions obtained in outdoor settings while experiencing different kinds of ecosystems.
5. Demonstrate the ability to think critically.
   1. Integrate concepts.
   2. Solve problems.
   3. Draw logical conclusions.
   4. Make predictions based on evidence.
   5. Identify trends and patterns.
   6. Distinguish between simple correlation and cause-and-effect.
6. Demonstrate appropriate preparation to participate in outdoor field activities involving sampling, observing and characterizing island natural history features.
   1. Participate in field activities and use appropriate equipment to conduct the field activities.
   2. Demonstrate safe and appropriate behavior while conducting field activities.
   3. Use keys and resource books to identify organisms and their activities in the field.
   4. Provide evidence of accurate behavioral and organismic interaction observation skill.
   5. Report the results of outdoor studies conducted during the class.
7. Describe how living and non-living factors interact on the island.
   1. Identify the abiotic and biotic factors in an ecosystem.
   2. Describe the niche concept.
   3. Differentiate between a community and an ecosystem.
   4. List components of an ecosystem.
   5. Describe the role of producer, herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, scavenger, parasite, and decomposer in an ecosystem.
   6. Describe energy flow in an ecosystem.
   7. Relate the concept of food web and food chain to trophic levels.
   8. Explain the cycling of nutrients, such as nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus, through an ecosystem.
   9. Describe the process of natural selection as it operates to refine the fit between an organism and its habitat.
   10. Recognize that all organisms have an impact on their surroundings.
   11. Relate physical environmental factors to the kinds of organisms found in a community.
8. Describe the various factors that influence how biotic communities interact and change over time, especially regarding the Wolf-Moose interaction on the island.
   1. Recognize the key species of plants on the island.
   2. Recognize the key species of animals on the island.
   3. Understand how severe weather through the year affects the abundance and activity of various species.
   4. Identify the reasons for the cyclical nature of the Wolf-Moose interaction.
   5. Explain how man has affected the island habitat.
   6. Project future of plant and animal interactions on the island

BIO 126AW - Ecology and Natural History of the Appalachia Region

1. Participate in the process of science.
   1. Make observations.
   2. Design experiments.
   3. Conduct experiments
   4. Formulate and test hypotheses.
   5. Collect data.
   6. Analyze date.
   7. Draw conclusions.
   8. Report results.
   9. Explain the evaluation and revision process of science.
2. Work collaboratively with classmates.
   1. Participate in laboratory experiments and field activities with 1-3 classmates or entire class.
   2. Share the workload of small group activities.
   3. Share the responsibility of acquiring, cleaning and putting my laboratory and field equipment.
   4. Share ideas and respectfully receive ideas of class notes and Park Service officials, as well as class supervisors.
3. Demonstrate the competent use of common instruments and technology in environmental investigation.
   1. Use binoculars and spotting scopes to view various wildlife.
   2. Demonstrate the use of sound recording devices
   3. Read compass and follow maps of details in the region.
4. Competently communicate about environmental topics.
   1. Read critically.
   2. Write effectively.
   3. Listen actively.
   4. Speak effectively.
   5. Develop and interpret graphs and flow charts.
   6. Compile a journal of activities and impressions obtained in outdoor settings while experiencing different kinds of ecosystems.
5. Demonstrate the ability to think critically.
   1. Integrate concepts.
   2. Solve problems.
   3. Draw logical conclusions.
   4. Make predictions based on evidence.
   5. Identify trends and patterns.
   6. Distinguish between simple correlation and cause-and-effect.
6. Demonstrate appropriate preparation to participate in outdoor field activities involving sampling, observing, and characterizing local Appalachia natural history features.
   1. Participate in field activities and use appropriate equipment to conduct the field activities.
   2. Demonstrate safe and appropriate behavior while conducting field activities.
   3. Use keys and resource books to identify organisms and their activities in the field.
   4. Provide evidence of accurate behavioral and organismic interaction observation skills.
   5. Report the results of outdoor studies conducted during the class.
7. Describe how living and non-living factors interact.
   1. Identify the abiotic and biotic factors in an ecosystem.
   2. Describe the niche concept.
   3. Differentiate between a community and an ecosystem.
   4. List components of an ecosystem.
   5. Describe the role of producer herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, scavenger, parasite, and decomposer in an ecosystem.
   6. Describe energy flow in the ecosystem.
   7. Relate the concept of food web and food chain to trophic levels.
   8. Explain the cycling of nutrients, such as nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus, through an ecosystem.
   9. Describe the process of natural selection as it operates to refine the fit between an organism and its habitat.
   10. Recognize that all organisms have an impact on their surroundings.
   11. Relate physical environmental factors to the kinds of organisms found in a community.
8. Describe the various factors that influence how biotic communities interact and change over time, especially regarding local Riparian species and the introduced Red Wolf.
   1. Recognize the key species of plants and animals in the area.
   2. Understand how severe weather through the year affects the abundance and activity of various species.
   3. Identify the reasons for the population fluctuations of the introduced red wolf.
   4. Explain how man has affected the habitat of the region.
   5. Project future of plant and animal interactions in the region.

BIO 140W - Essentials Of Human Anatomy & Physiology

1. Demonstrate understanding of basic biochemistry as it relates to the study of A&P.   
   1. Use appropriate metric units.
      1. Name the base units for length, volume and mass.
      2. Arrange metric prefixes in order from greatest to smallest (kilo, hecto, deka, deci, centi, milli).
      3. Explain the relative difference in size between metric units.
      4. Use appropriate units for measurements related to anatomy.
   2. Demonstrate understanding of basic chemistry as it relates to the study of anatomy and physiology.
      1. Differentiate between matter and energy and between potential energy and kinetic energy.
      2. Describe an atom and an element.
      3. List the subatomic particles; describe their relative masses, charges, and positions in the atom.
      4. Define atomic number, isotope, and radioisotope.
      5. Explain the role of valence electrons in chemical bonding.
      6. Distinguish between an atom, an ion, an isotope and a molecule.
      7. Differentiate between ionic, covalent, and hydrogen attractions/bonds.
      8. Define polar and non-polar compounds.
      9. Use chemical notation to symbolize chemical reactions.
      10. Distinguish among the major types of chemical reactions that are important for studying physiology (dehydration synthesis, decomposition/hydrolysis).
      11. Describe the functions of water and inorganic acids, bases, salts, and buffers.
      12. Define pH and describe the pH scale.
      13. State the homeostatic pH range of blood.
      14. Define physiological acidosis and physiological alkalosis.
      15. Explain how the body attempts to keep pH within the limits of homeostasis.
      16. Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds.
      17. Describe and compare the building blocks, general structures, and biological functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.
      18. Describe the connection between protein structure and function.
      19. Describe the effects of temperature and pH change on protein function.
      20. Describe the general mechanism of enzyme activity u sing the following terms: active site, substrate, enzyme-substrate complex, product, specificity and denaturation.
   3. Discuss the structure and significance of nucleic acids.
      1. Define:  nucleus, gene, chromosome, complementary base pairing, DNA, RNA, DNA replication, nucleic acid, nucleotide, template
      2. Compare and contrast DNA and RNA, including which nucleotides are found in each type of molecule.
      3. Predict the complementary strand of DNA when given a segment of DNA.
      4. Explain how errors in DNA replication can alter the functionality of a protein.
2. Describe the structural anatomy and function of components of the cell.
   1. Describe cell membrane composition and relate it to function.
      1. Define:  diffusion, equilibrium, intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, plasma, solute, solvent, solution, concentration gradient, passive transport processes, active transport, vesicles, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, osmotic pressure, isotonic solution,hypotonic solution, hemolysis, hypertonic solution, crenation, sodium-potassium pump, endocytosis, exocytosis, phagocytosis.
      2. Describe the structure of the plasma membrane and identify the structures involved in active and passive transport including protein channels and protein pumps.
      3. Differentiate between active and passive transport processes relative to energy source, substances transported, direction and mechanism.
      4. Identify the compartments associated with cells (ICF and ECF including plasma and interstitial fluid).
      5. Explain the role of osmosis and osmotic pressure in controlling movement of water through cell membranes.
   2. Describe the structural anatomy of a cell and the function of its components.
      1. Define:  organelle, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, nucleus, cell, cytosol
      2. Describe the functions of: lysosomes, peroxisomes, cilia, flagella, nucleolus, nucleus, nuclear envelope, centrioles, mitochondria, ribosomes, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vesicles and vacuoles.
      3. Discuss the structure and function of mitochondria in energy production.
   3. Discuss the process and significance of ATP formation during cellular respiration.
      1. Define:  glycolysis, TCA Cycle (Kreb’s), ETC (electron transport system or oxidative phosphorylation).
      2. Identify where in the cell the steps of energy production occur.
      3. Explain this equation:  ADP + P <—–> ATP
      4. Distinguish between anaerobic and aerobic processes in terms of: where they occur in the cell, energy yield, and end products.
   4. Develop an understanding of cell growth and reproduction as it relates to the study of anatomy and physiology
      1. Describe the stages of the cell life cycle, including mitosis, interphase, and cytokinesis, and explain their significance.
      2. Explain the relationship between cell division and cancer.
      3. Define and explain the role of stem cells in tissue regeneration.
   5. Develop an understanding of protein synthesis and mutations as it relates to the study of anatomy and physiology.
      1. Define mutation and mutagen. Explain how a mutation may affect the functionality of a protein and result in an altered expression of a trait.
      2. Explain how the absence or low levels of correctly formed proteins may contribute to genetic diseases.
      3. Explain the relationship between DNA, chromosomes, genes, mutations and proteins.
3. Demonstrate understanding of systems of the human body
   1. Explain the role of the integumentary system as a functioning organ of the human body.
      1. List the functions of the integumentary system and explain how these functions are accomplished.
      2. Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the integumentary system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body.
      3. List the two layers of the skin and the functions of each of the two layers.
      4. Explain the basis for different skin color.
      5. Identify on a model or drawing the epidermis and dermis of the skin and the accessory structures of the skin.
      6. List the functions of each of the accessory structures of the skin (sweat glands, sebaceous glands, nails, hair, arrector pili muscle, sensory receptors.
      7. Describe the purpose of the stratification of the epidermis and differences between stratum germinativum (basale) and stratum corneum.
      8. Compare and contrast the function and location of keratinocytes and melanocytes.
      9. Differentiate between first-, second-, and third-degree burns.
   2. Develop an understanding of the gross anatomy of the skeletal system.
      1. Define the two major divisions of the skeletal system (axial and appendicular) and list the bones in each.
      2. Describe the principal surface markings on bones and their functions.
      3. Identify the regions of the vertebral column.
      4. Discuss the importance of intervertebral disks and spinal curvatures.
      5. Identify all bones and markings listed on the Biology 140 Anatomy Objective List. Identification of anatomy may be on models, skeletons (both articulated and disarticulated), diagrams, MRI, CT and X-ray images and appropriate dissection specimens.
   3. Develop an understanding of bone physiology.
      1. Describe the functions of the skeletal system.
      2. Name the four main types of bones (classified by shape).
      3. Describe the gross anatomy of a typical long bone and flat bone.
      4. Describe the histological features of bone tissue.
      5. Define ossification and compare and contrast intramembranous ossification, endochondral ossification and appositional growth.
      6. Differentiate between the functions of osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteoblasts.
      7. Discuss the purpose of fontanels.
      8. Explain the role of PTH, calcitonin and human growth hormone (hGH) on bone growth and maintenance.
      9. Explain the role of PTH and calcitonin on calcium homeostasis and bone density.
      10. Explain the role of exercise and mechanical stress on bone remodeling.
   4. Develop an understanding of joints, focusing on synovial joints.
      1. Name the three major functional categories of joints, compare the amount of movement allowed by each and give an example of each.
      2. Describe the structural characteristics shared by all synovial joints.
      3. Name and describe (or perform) the common body movements: flexion, extension, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, abduction, adduction, circumduction, supination, pronation, inversion, eversion, protraction, retraction, elevation, depression, and rotation.
      4. List the different types of synovial joints, link structural features to joint functions and identify an example of each of these joints.
      5. List the bones involved in the following joints (wrist, knee, shoulder, hip, ankle, elbow, jaw).
   5. Develop an understanding of the role of muscles and muscle tissue in the human body.
      1. Define:  fascia, epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, tendons, aponeuroses, tetanus, isotonic contraction, isometric contraction, muscle tone, muscle fatigue, oxygen debt, motor unit, muscle twitch.
      2. Explain the factors that contribute to muscle fatigue.
      3. Explain the sliding filament mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction.
      4. Explain how muscle fibers are stimulated to contract.
      5. Interpret a myogram of a muscle twitch and describe the events occurring during the three phases (latent, contraction, relaxation).
      6. Explain the muscle response to changes in stimulation frequency, including summation and tetanus.
      7. Explain the muscle response to increasing stimulus strength, including recruitment.
      8. Differentiate between isometric and isotonic contractions. 
      9. List the sources of energy stored in a typical muscle fiber.
      10. Describe three ways in which ATP is regenerated in skeletal muscle (creatine phosphate, aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration).
      11. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic endurance, and explain their implications for muscular performance.
   6. Become proficient with specific skeletal muscle names and their relative functions.
      1. Define: origin, insertion, prime mover.
      2. Identify all structures listed on the Biology 140 Anatomy Objective List.  Identification of anatomy may be on models, skeletons (both articulated and disarticulated), diagrams, MRI, CT and X-ray images and appropriate dissection specimens
      3. Identify the function of the major muscles listed in the anatomy objectives with respect to the following body movements: flexion, extension, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, abduction, adduction, circumduction, supination, pronation, inversion, eversion, protraction, retraction, elevation, depression, and rotation.
   7. Develop an understanding of the fundamentals of the nervous system and nervous tissue.
      1. List the basic functions of the nervous system.
      2. Define the terms central nervous system and peripheral nervous system and list the major parts of each.
      3. Describe the relationship between neurons, nerves, and neuroglia.
      4. Compare and contrast the structural and anatomical differences between gray matter and white matter.
      5. Define neuron, describe its important structural components, and relate each to a functional role.
      6. Differentiate between a nerve and a tract, and between a nucleus and a ganglion.
      7. Explain the importance of the myelin sheath and identify the cells involved in its formation in the PNS.
      8. Describe the function of sensory, motor, and interneurons (association neurons).
      9. Define resting membrane potential and describe how the sodium-potassium exchange pump maintains this potential.
      10. Contrast relative concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride and protein ions inside and outside of a resting neuron.
      11. Explain how action potentials are generated and propagated along neurons (threshold, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization).
      12. Compare and contrast saltatory and continuous conduction (propagation) based on the following criteria: signal speed and presence or absence of myelination.
      13. Explain the events of synaptic transmission.
      14. Describe the general functions of neurotransmitters.
      15. Define absolute and relative refractory periods.
      16. Make predictions about the outcome when drugs which mimic, inhibit, or destroy neurotransmitters, neurotransmitter receptors or degrading enzymes (e.g. AchE) are introduced into the synapse.
   8. Develop an understanding of the structures and functions of the nervous system.
      1. Name the major parts of the brain (as listed on the Anatomy Objectives) and explain
      2. Describe how the meninges, cerebrospinal fluid and the blood-brain barrier protect the CNS.
      3. Identify all structures listed on the Biology 140 Anatomy Objective List.  Identification of anatomy may be on models, diagrams, MRI, CT and X-ray images and appropriate dissection specimens.
      4. Describe the function, location, and formation of cerebrospinal fluid and how it flows in one continuous loop, including the pathway of CSF flow within the brain.
      5. Contrast the location of gray and white matter in the brain and spinal cord.
      6. Identify the components of a reflex arc.
      7. Explain the function of ascending pathways and where they terminate.
      8. Explain the function of descending pathways and where they originate.
      9. Define peripheral nervous system and list its components.
      10. Define plexus and identify the body areas innervated by the following plexuses: cervical, brachial, lumbar and sacral.
      11. List the 12 pairs of cranial nerves by name and number and the function of each.
   9. Develop a basic understanding of the autonomic nervous system.
      1. Define autonomic nervous system and explain its role within the PNS.
      2. Compare the somatic and autonomic nervous systems relative to effectors, efferent pathways, and neurotransmitters released.
      3. Define cholinergic and adrenergic receptors and where each is used in the ANS.
      4. Compare and contrast the functions of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions on the following (cardiovascular system, respiratory system, digestive system, sweat glands, and pupils).
      5. Make predictions about the effects of drugs that mimic or inhibit adrenergic or cholinergic effects.
   10. Develop an understanding of the function and anatomy of the endocrine system.
       1. List the components of the endocrine system.
       2. Describe the major functions of the endocrine system.
       3. Define target cells and describe the role of hormone receptors.
       4. Explain the three methods for controlling hormone secretion, and provide examples for each.
       5. Describe the locations of and relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.
       6. Describe the functions of each hormone secreted by the pituitary gland (growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone).
       7. Describe the location, hormones and functions of the thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, pancreatic islets, adrenal (suprarenal) glands, ovaries, testes, and pineal gland.
       8. Use the hormones listed (grouped by organs) to name the target tissue or cells for each hormone and describe the effect(s) of each hormone on the target tissue or cells: Thyroid gland (thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), calcitonin), Parathyroid gland (parathyroid hormone), Adrenal gland (glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine, norepinephrine),Testis (testosterone), Ovary (estrogen, progesterone), Pancreas (insulin, glucagon), Adipose tissue (leptin).
       9. Compare and contrast the roles of the nervous and endocrine systems with respect to signal speed and duration of response by the body.
       10. Identify all structures listed on the Biology 140 Anatomy Objective List.  Identification of anatomy may be on models, diagrams, MRI, CT and X-ray images and appropriate  dissection specimens.
   11. Develop an understanding of the composition and functions of blood.
       1. Define the principal components of blood and their functions in the body.
       2. Discuss the formation (hematopoiesis), components and functions of whole blood.
       3. Describe the phases of hemostasis (vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation, clot retraction and repair, fibrinolysis).
       4. Describe the ABO and Rh blood groups.
       5. Describe the structure of erythrocytes and their function in the transport of O2 and CO2.
       6. Define erythropoiesis and describe the role of EPO in triggering the process.
   12. Develop an understanding of the anatomy and function of the cardiovascular system.
       1. Describe the location of the heart and the structure and functions of the pericardium.
       2. Identify all heart structures listed on the Biology 140 Anatomy Objective List. Identification of anatomy may be on models, diagrams, MRI, CT and X-ray images and appropriate dissection specimens.
       3. Discuss the functions of all heart structures listed in the Anatomy Objective list.
       4. Trace the pathway of blood through the heart.
       5. Describe the clinical importance of coronary circulation.
       6. Define: systole, diastole, stroke volume, and cardiac cycle, heart sounds, murmur, blood pressure, pulse.
       7. Name the components of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart and how each heartbeat is initiated and maintained.
       8. Describe the purpose and diagnostic value of an electrocardiogram.
       9. Correlate an ECG tracing with the electrical events of the heart.
       10. Describe the phases of the cardiac cycle.
       11. Define cardiac output, calculate it, and describe how it is regulated.
       12. Describe the effect of the following on cardiovascular function (CO and BP): stimulation by the vagus nerve, exercise, epinephrine, ADH or renin-angiotensin.
       13. On diagrams and/or models, identify the body’s major arteries and veins as listed on the Bio 140 Anatomy Objectives list.
       14. Compare and contrast the structure and function of arteries, veins, and capillaries.
       15. Describe how substances enter and leave the blood in capillaries.
       16. Explain how venous blood returns to the heart.
       17. Define blood pressure and describe how it varies throughout the systemic circulation.
       18. Define vascular resistance and identify the factors that affect vascular resistance and blood pressure.
       19. Describe how blood pressure and blood flow are regulated.
       20. Compare and contrast pulmonary circulation with systemic circulation.
       21. Explain the function and importance of the hepatic-portal system.
       22. Name the fetal vascular modifications or “fetal shunts”.
   13. Develop an understanding of the lymphatic and immune system and resistance to disease.
       1. Define immunity and identify the properties of immunity.
       2. Identify the major components of the lymphatic system and explain their functions.
       3. Describe the importance of lymphocytes and describe where they are found in the body.
       4. Describe the types of nonspecific resistance to disease.
       5. Distinguish between cell-mediated and antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity.
       6. Differentiate between T-cells and B-cells and describe the role each plays in the immune response.
       7. Describe the structure and function of antibody molecules, and explain how they function.
       8. Describe the primary and secondary immune responses to antigen exposure.
       9. Differentiate between the different types of immunity.
       10. Explain how lymph is transported to the heart.
   14. Develop an understanding of the anatomy and function of the respiratory system.
       1. Identify all structures listed on the Biology 140 Anatomy Objective List.  Identification of anatomy may be on models, diagrams, MRI, CT and X-ray images and appropriate dissection specimens.
       2. Describe the functions of all structures listed in the Anatomy Objective list.
       3. Explain how inhalation and exhalation take place and the major muscles used for each.
       4. Define the various lung volumes and capacities.
       5. Describe the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveolar air and blood (external respiration) and between blood and body cells (internal respiration).
       6. Describe how the blood transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.
       7. Explain how the nervous system controls breathing and list the factors that can alter the rate and depth of breathing.
       8. Identify the type of tissue lining the respiratory tract.
       9. List, in order, the respiratory structures that air passes through during inspiration.
   15. Develop an understanding of the anatomy and function of the digestive system.
       1. Identify all structures listed on the Biology 140 Anatomy Objective List.  Identification of anatomy may be on models, diagrams, MRI, CT and X-ray images and appropriate dissection specimens.
       2. List, in order, the structures that food passes through during digestion.
       3. Discuss the functions and relative locations of all structures listed in the Anatomy Objective list.
       4. Explain the function of peristalsis and segmentation in digestion.
       5. Describe the characteristics of the small intestines that increase surface area for
       6. Identify the type of tissue lining the digestive tract.
       7. Describe the role the following enzymes and fluids play in digestion (salivary amylase, pepsin, pancreatic enzymes, bile) with respect to their location of secretion, the substances they break down, and the products of breakdown.
       8. Describe the location of the visceral and parietal peritoneum.
       9. Identify the branch of the nervous system that stimulates digestive function and the cranial nerve involved.
   16. Develop an understanding of the anatomy and function of the urinary system.
       1. Discuss the general functions of the urinary system.
       2. Identify all structures listed on the Biology 140 Anatomy Objective List.  Identification of anatomy may be on models, diagrams, MRI, CT and X-ray images and appropriate dissection specimens.
       3. Discuss the functions of all structures listed in the Anatomy Objective list.
       4. Describe the external structures of the kidney, including its retroperitoneal location, support structures, and covering.
       5. Describe the microscopic structure of the kidneys.
       6. List the major processes in urine formation and where each occurs in the nephron and collecting system.
       7. List, in order, the structures that filtrate passes through in the nephron and what occurs in each structure.
       8. List, in order, the urinary structures that urine passes through once it leaves the nephron until it leaves the body.
       9. Compare and contrast the male and female urethra.
       10. List substances that are normal and abnormal urinary components.
       11. Define diuretic and describe how they affect kidney function.
       12. Explain how the following hormones affect kidney function: renin-angiotensin II system, EPO, calcitriol (Vitamin D).
   17.  Develop an understanding of the anatomy and function of the female and male reproductive system and prenatal development.
       1. Identify all structures listed on the Biology 140 Anatomy Objective List.  Identification of anatomy may be on models, diagrams, MRI, CT and X-ray images and appropriate dissection specimens.
       2. Discuss the functions of all structures listed in the Anatomy Objective list.
       3. Describe how sperm cells are produced (spermatogenesis).
       4. Explain the roles of hormones in regulating male reproductive functions (testosterone, FSH, LH).
       5. Describe how oocytes are produced (oogenesis).
       6. Describe the major events of the ovarian and uterine cycles.
       7. Explain the major developmental events that occur during the embryonic period.
       8. Define the fetal period.
       9. Explain the roles of hormones in regulating female reproductive functions (estrogen, progesterone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, oxytocin, prolactin, human chorionic gonadotropin).
       10. Trace the path of a sperm from the location of production until it leaves the body.
       11. Trace the path of an oocyte from the location of production until it leaves the body.
   18. Develop an understanding of the major tissue types in the human body.
       1. Name the four major types of tissue found in the human body.
       2. Discuss the general characteristics of epithelial tissue that make it well suited as a tissue that lines and covers surfaces and cavities.
       3. List the general functions of epithelial tissue.
       4. Name and describe the three “layering” arrangements (simple, pseudostratified, stratified) of epithelial tissue.
       5. Name and describe the three “shape” categories (squamous, cuboidal, columnar) of epithelial tissue.
       6. Name the major types of epithelium and identify an organ in which each is found.
       7. Discuss the components of connective tissue that account for its varied functions and locations in the human body.
       8. Describe the types of connective tissue found in the body and indicate the general functions for each type.
       9. Discuss the general characteristics of muscle tissue that allow it to be used in propulsion of the skeleton and hollow organs.
       10. List the three types of muscle tissue.
       11. Compare and contrast the three types of muscle tissue based on the following criteria:  location, control (voluntary or involuntary), cell shape, presence or absence of striations, number of nuclei.
       12. List the two cell types found in nervous tissue and discuss the characteristics and functions of each.
       13. Name the specific serous membranes and their common function.
4. Demonstrate an understanding of the relationship between anatomy and physiology in the human body.
   1. Define anatomy and physiology.
   2. Name (in order of increasing complexity) the different levels of structural organization that make up the human body, and explain their relationships.
5. Demonstrate an understanding of homeostasis and system integration.
   1. Define homeostasis.
   2. Define positive feedback.
   3. Define negative feedback and describe its role in maintaining body homeostasis.
   4. Describe examples of when positive and negative feedback are used in the human body.
   5. Explain the significance of homeostasis for living systems.
   6. Provide an example of how homeostatic imbalance results in disease
6. Use communication skills to convey ideas of anatomy and physiology.
   1. Write effectively for a specific audience and purpose.
   2. Demonstrate the learning of concepts through writing.
   3. Perform writing tasks to promote learning.
   4. Speak effectively and accurately in the language of anatomy and physiology.
      1. Describe the anatomical position.
      2. Use correct anatomical terminology to describe body planes, body sections, body regions, body directions and surface anatomy.
      3. Locate and name the major body cavities and their subdivisions.
      4. Name the four quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity and know major organs in those areas (liver, stomach, spleen, small intestine, large intestine, appendix, urinary bladder).

BIO 152W - Human Anatomy & Physiology I

1. Demonstrate an understanding of the relationship between anatomy and physiology in the human body.
   1. Define anatomy and physiology.
   2. Name (in order of increasing complexity) the different levels of structural organization that make up the human body, and explain their relationships.
2. Demonstrate an understanding of homeostasis.
   1. Define homeostasis.
   2. Define negative feedback and describe its role in maintaining body homeostasis.
   3. Define positive feedback and describe its role in the body.
   4. Give an example of each of the above types of homeostatic mechanisms.
   5. Provide an example of how homeostatic imbalance results in disease.
3. Speak accurately in the language of anatomy and physiology.
   1. Describe the anatomical position.
   2. Use correct anatomical terminology to describe body planes, body sections, body regions and body directions.
   3. Locate and name the major body cavities and their subdivisions.
   4. Name the three specific serous membranes (pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal), their two layers (visceral and parietal), and their functions.
   5. Describe the four quadrants of the torso: left upper (LUQ), right upper (RUQ), left lower (LLQ), and right lower (RLQ).
   6. Identify the major organs in the four quadrants (such as the liver, stomach, spleen, small intestine, large intestine, appendix, urinary bladder, ovaries, and gall bladder).
   7. Describe the nine abdominopelvic regions: epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric, hypochondriac (L/R), lumbar (L/R), and iliac (L/R).
   8. Identify the major organs in the abdominopelvic regions (liver, stomach, spleen, small intestine, large intestine, appendix, urinary bladder, ovaries, and gall bladder).
4. Demonstrate an understanding of basic chemistry as it relates to the study of anatomy and physiology.
   1. Define chemical elements and list the four elements that form the bulk of body matter.
   2. Define and distinguish between the terms atom, molecule, isotope and ion.
   3. List the subatomic particles; describe their relative masses, charges and positions in the atom.
   4. Define atomic number, atomic weight, mass number, isotope, and radioisotope.
   5. Distinguish between compounds, mixtures, solutions and suspensions.
   6. Define the differences between polar and non-polar compounds.
   7. Differentiate clearly between matter and energy and between potential energy and kinetic energy.
   8. Explain the role of valence electrons in chemical bonding and in relation to the octet rule.
   9. Compare and contrast ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds.
   10. Use chemical notation to symbolize chemical reactions.
   11. Identify three major types of chemical reactions (dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis, and exchange).
   12. Describe the major factors that affect the rates of chemical reactions.
   13. Use metric measurements for length, mass, and volume.
5. Demonstrate an understanding of basic biochemistry as it relates to the study of anatomy and physiology.
   1. Define the terms acid, base, buffers, acidosis, and alkalosis.
   2. Explain the importance of water and salts to body homeostasis.
   3. Explain the concept of pH.
   4. Describe how buffering maintains blood pH.
   5. Compare and contrast the building blocks, general structures, and biological functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.
   6. Explain the role of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis in the formation and breakdown of organic molecules.
   7. Describe the four levels of protein structure, and how these affect the action of enzymes.
   8. Describe the general mechanism of enzyme activity.
6. Describe cellular physiology.
   1. Define the terms diffusion, osmolarity, dialysis, dynamic equilibrium, gradient, osmosis, selectively permeable membrane, solute, solvent, solution, hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic, active transport, facilitated diffusion, endocytosis, exocytosis (pinocytosis and phagocytosis), and the fluid mosaic model.
   2. Describe the chemical composition of the plasma membrane, including the fluid mosaic model and membrane proteins and their functions.
   3. Differentiate between active and passive transport processes relative to energy source, substances transported, direction and mechanism.
   4. Compare and contrast between the locations and ionic compositions of the ICF and ECF including plasma and interstitial fluid.
   5. Explain the role of osmosis and osmotic pressure in controlling the movement of water through cell membranes.
7. Describe the structural anatomy of a cell.
   1. Define the terms organelle, cytoplasm, cytosol, plasma membrane, nucleus, and cell.
   2. Describe the functions of lysosomes and peroxisomes, cilia, flagella, nucleolus, nucleus, nuclear envelope, centrioles, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (SER and RER), Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and vacuoles.
   3. Describe the importance of cell junctions (gap, desmosomes, and tight) in cellular physiology.
8. Discuss the process of ATP formation during cellular respiration.
   1. Define the terms glycolysis, lactic acid fermentation, Krebs Cycle (TCA), and the oxidative phosphorylation (ETC).
   2. Explain the role of ATP in cell metabolism.
   3. Discuss the equation ADP + P <- -> ATP.
   4. Distinguish between anaerobic and aerobic processes in terms of where they occur in the cell, energy yield, and end products.
9. Discuss the significance of nucleic acids.
   1. Define the terms chromatin, chromosome, complementary base pairing, DNA, RNA, DNA replication, gene, mutation, nitrogenous base, nucleic acid, nucleotide, and template.
   2. Recognize and describe the components of DNA and RNA nucleotides.
   3. Compare and contrast DNA and RNA both chemically and physically.
   4. Describe the process of DNA replication.
   5. Explain the importance of DNA replication.
   6. Predict the complementary strand of nucleotides that is created from a given DNA template.
10. Demonstrate an understanding of cellular reproduction.
    1. Describe the key events of each phase of the cell life cycle (interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase).
    2. Explain the significance of the mitotic cycle of somatic cell division for most tissues and the two exceptions to this cycle for adult cells (cardiac muscle and nervous tissue).
    3. Explain how cancer is a disruption of the normal cell cycle.
    4. Describe the role of stem cells in tissue regeneration.
11. Demonstrate an understanding of protein synthesis as it relates to the study of anatomy and physiology.
    1. Define autosomal vs. sex-linked (X-linked) traits and dominant vs. recessive traits.
    2. Explain the function of genes and the meaning of “genetic code”.
    3. Name the two phases of protein synthesis (transcription and translation).
    4. Describe the roles of DNA, mRNA, tRNA and rRNA in each phase of protein synthesis.
    5. Given a strand of DNA and an amino acid-nucleic acid dictionary, predict the amino acid sequence in a polypeptide.
    6. Predict the outcome of a protein synthesized if a substitution of one nitrogenous base is made for another nitrogenous base.
    7. Explain how a mutation may result in an altered expression of a trait.
    8. Explain how the absence or low levels of correctly formed proteins may contribute to genetic diseases.
    9. Explain the relationship between DNA, chromosomes, genes, mutations and proteins.
    10. Explain the basic function of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes in controlling cell replication.
12. Demonstrate an understanding of the major tissue types in the human body.
    1. Name the four major types of tissues found in the human body (epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous).
    2. Discuss the general characteristics of epithelial tissue that make it well suited as a tissue that lines surfaces and cavities.
    3. List the major functions of epithelial tissue.
    4. Name and describe the three “layering” arrangements (simple, pseudostratified, stratified) of epithelial tissue.
    5. Name and describe the three “shape” categories (squamous, cuboidal, columnar) of epithelial tissue.
    6. Name the major types of epithelium and identify an organ in which each is found.
    7. Discuss the components of connective tissue that account for its varied functions and locations in the human body.
    8. Describe the types of connective tissue found in the body, and indicate the general functions for each type.
    9. Discuss the general characteristics of muscle tissue that allow it to be used in propulsion of the skeleton and hollow organs.
    10. List the three types of muscle tissue (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth).
    11. Compare and contrast the three types of muscle tissue based on the following criteria: location, control (voluntary or involuntary), cell shape, presence or absence of striations, and the number of nuclei.
    12. List the two cell types found in nervous tissue (neurons and neuroglia).
    13. Discuss the characteristics and functions of each cell type found in nervous tissue.
    14. Describe how tissues are used to create four membrane types (cutaneous, mucous, serous, and synovial) and identify a location for each type in the body.
13. Explain the role of the integumentary system as a functioning organ of the human body.
    1. List several important functions of the integumentary system and explain how these functions are accomplished.
    2. Name the two layers of the cutaneous membrane (epidermis and dermis) and describe their functions.
    3. Name the accessory structures (derivatives) of the integument and describe their functions.
    4. Identify on a model or drawing the three major layers of the skin (epidermis, dermis, hypodermis) and the accessory structures (derivatives) of the skin.
    5. Name the five layers (strata) of the epidermis: basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, and corneum.
    6. Describe how stratification leads to thick vs. thin skin.
    7. Compare and contrast the function and location of keratinocytes and melanocytes.
14.  Demonstrate an understanding of the anatomy of the skeletal system.
    1. List the components of the axial and appendicular skeleton.
    2. Define the four principal types of bones in the skeleton (short, long, flat, and irregular).
    3. Compare and contrast a typical long bone and flat bone.
    4. Describe the histological features of bone tissue.
    5. Describe the principle types of surface structures on bones (condyles, trochanters, tuberosities, etc.).
    6. Relate the structure of surface structures with their functions (muscle attachment, passageways for nerves, etc.).
    7. Discuss the function of the fontanelles of the skull.
    8. Identify the foraminae of the skull as listed in the anatomy objective list along with the major structures(s) that pass through these openings.
    9. Identify all skeletal structures listed on the BIO 152 Anatomy Objective List.
    10. Identify the five regions of the vertebral column (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal).
    11. Discuss the function of intervertebral disks.
    12. Contrast normal spinal curvatures with spinal disorders (lordosis, kyphosis, and scoliosis).
15. Demonstrate an understanding of bone physiology.
    1. Identify the major components of the skeletal system.
    2. Define ossification.
    3. Discuss the functions of the skeletal system.
    4. Compare and contrast compact and spongy bone tissue.
    5. Differentiate between the functions of osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteoblasts.
    6. Compare and contrast intramembranous ossification, endochondral ossification, and appositional growth.
    7. Describe the sequence of events seen in fracture repair and discuss some of the factors influencing the length of time needed for repair.
    8. Discuss the chemical composition of bone and the relative advantages conferred by its organic and its inorganic components.
    9. Identify the major glands affecting bone physiology (the parathyroid glands and parafollicular tissue of the thyroid glands).
    10. Describe how parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and human growth hormone (hGH) affect bone growth and maintenance.
    11. Explain the role of PTH and calcitonin on blood calcium levels and bone density.
    12. Explain the role of exercise and mechanical stress on bone remodeling (Wolff’s Law).
16. Demonstrate an understanding of joints, focusing on synovial joints.
    1. Name the three major functional categories of joints (synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, and diarthrotic) and compare the range of motion (ROM) allowed by each.
    2. Describe the structural characteristics shared by all synovial joints.
    3. Name and describe (or perform) the common body movements (flexion, extension, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation, supination, pronation, inversion, eversion, protraction, retraction, elevation, and depression).
    4. List at least 5 different subgroups of the synovial joints and identify 1-2 examples of each of these joints.
    5. List the bones forming the following joints: wrist, knee, shoulder, hip, ankle, elbow and jaw.
17. Demonstrate an understanding of the role of muscle tissue in the human body.
    1. Define the terms fascia, epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, tendons, aponeuroses, muscle tetanus, muscle fatigue, isotonic contractions, isometric contractions, oxygen debt, motor unit, and muscle twitch.
    2. Explain the sliding filament mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction (with actin, myosin, troponin, and tropomyosin).
    3. Explain how muscle fibers are stimulated to contract.
    4. Describe a muscle twitch myogram and describe the events occurring during its three phases (lag, contraction, and relaxation).
    5. Explain the muscle response to changes in stimulation frequency and strength.
    6. Compare and contrast psychological fatigue with physiological fatigue.
    7. Compare and contrast the three ways in which ATP is regenerated in skeletal muscle (using creatine phosphate, glycolysis, and aerobic metabolism).
18. Demonstrate proficiency with specific skeletal muscle names.
    1. Define the terms origin, insertion, and prime mover.
    2. Identify all structures listed on the Biology 152 Anatomy Objective List.
    3. Identify the major function of all of the muscles listed in the anatomy objectives with respect to the following body movements: flexion, extension, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, abduction, adduction, circumduction, supination, pronation, inversion, eversion, protraction, retraction, elevation, and depression, and rotation.
19. Demonstrate an understanding of the fundamentals of the nervous system.
    1. List the basic functions of the nervous system.
    2. Define the terms central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.
    3. List the major components of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous systems.
    4. State the function of neurons and the following neuroglial subgroups: Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells.
    5. Define neuron, describe its important structural components, and relate each to a functional role.
    6. Differentiate between a nerve and a tract, and between a nucleus and a ganglion, and between gray and white matter.
    7. Explain the importance of the myelin sheath and describe how it is formed in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
    8. Describe the function of sensory, motor, and interneurons (or association neurons).
    9. Explain how action potentials are generated and propagated along neurons (being sure to include resting membrane potential, sodium-potassium pumps, threshold, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, and ion channels).
    10. Explain the importance of refractory periods.
    11. Define saltatory conduction and contrast it to conduction along unmyelinated fibers.
    12. Describe how information transmission occurs at a chemical synapse.
    13. Describe the general functions of neurotransmitters.
    14. Make predictions about the outcome expected with drugs that mimic, inhibit, or destroy neurotransmitters, bind with neurotransmitter receptors, or when degrading enzymes (e.g. AChE) are introduced into the synapse.
    15. Discuss the conditions under which nerve cell/fiber repair can occur.
20. Demonstrate an understanding of the central nervous system.
    1. Identify all structures listed on the Biology 152 Anatomy Objective List.
    2. Describe the functions of all structures listed on the Biology 152 Anatomy Objective List.
    3. Describe how the meninges (dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia mater), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) protect the CNS.
    4. Describe the function, location and formation of cerebrospinal fluid and how it flows in one continuous loop.
    5. Explain the function of the ascending (posterior) white column and where it originates and terminates.
    6. Explain the function of the descending (lateral and anterior) white column and where they originate and terminate.
21. Demonstrate an understanding of the peripheral nervous system.
    1. List the components peripheral nervous system.
    2. List the 12 pairs of cranial nerves by name and number and give a function for each nerve set.
    3. Define: ganglia, nerves (cranial and spinal), and plexuses (cervical, brachial, and lumbar, and sacral).
    4. Identify the five components of a reflex arc (receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, and effector).
22. Demonstrate an understanding of the special senses.
    1. Compare and contrast the roles of rods and cones in vision.
    2. Trace the visual pathway from the eye to the optic cortex.
    3. Trace the sound conduction pathway from the external auditory meatus to the Organ of Corti.
    4. Explain the role of the semicircular canals and the vestibule in maintaining balance (static vs. dynamic).
    5. Identify the structures listed on the BIO 152 Anatomy Objective List.
    6. Identify the functions of those structures listed on the BIO 152 Anatomy Objective List.
23.  Demonstrate a basic understanding of the autonomic nervous system.
    1. Compare the somatic and autonomic nervous systems relative to effectors, efferent pathways, and the neurotransmitters that are released.
    2. Define cholinergic and adrenergic receptors.
    3. Compare and contrast the general functions of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions on the cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive systems, sweat glands and pupils.
    4. Make predictions about drugs that mimic or inhibit adrenergic or cholinergic effects.
24. Demonstrate an understanding of the endocrine system.
    1. Distinguish between endocrine glands and exocrine organs.
    2. Define hormone, target tissue (cell or organ), and their receptors.
    3. Identify the structures listed on the BIO 152 Anatomy Objective list.
    4. Describe the effects of hormones produced by the following endocrine glands: hypothalamus, anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis), posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis), thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal gland (medulla vs. cortex), kidneys, pancreas, pineal gland (body), thymus, ovary, testis.
    5. Explain how the adrenal medullary secretions act as supplements to sympathetic responses.
    6. Compare and contrast how the endocrine system and nervous system function to maintain homeostasis.
    7. Describe the control of hormonal secretions via feedback cycles (humoral, hormonal, and neural) and provide several examples.
    8. Discuss how the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus are structurally and functionally related.
    9. Make predictions about potential effects due to hypersecretion or hyposecretion of hormones released by major endocrine gland
25. Demonstrate an understanding of the composition of blood.
    1. Define the principal characteristics of blood and its functions in the body.
    2. Discuss the structure of erythrocytes and their function in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
    3. Define erythropoiesis.
    4. Explain the function of erythropoietin (EPO) and the stimulus for production.
    5. Describe the life cycle of an erythrocyte and the fate of bilirubin, heme and globin.
    6. List the five subgroups of leukocytes (monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) and their specific functions.
    7. Discuss the purpose of laboratory tests such as hematocrit, hemoglobin, differential WBC count, and platelet count.
    8. List the major components of plasma and explain their importance.
    9. Describe where vascular spasm, platelets, clotting factors and fibrinolysis fit into the blood clotting sequence.
    10. Identify the role of prothrombin, thrombin, and fibrin in the coagulation process.
    11. Compare red to yellow bone marrow in adults.
    12. Describe the role of the hemocytoblast in formed element production.
    13. Explain ABO and Rh blood groups and their consequences with erythroblastis fetalis.
    14. Make predictions about compatible and incompatible blood transfusions.
26. Perform writing tasks to promote learning.
27. Write effectively for a specific audience or purpose.
28. Demonstrate the learning of concepts through writing.

BIO 153W - Human Anatomy & Physiology II

1. Demonstrate an understanding of the lymphatic system and body defenses.
   1. Demonstrate an understanding of the anatomy of the lymphatic system.
      1. Describe the anatomical similarities and differences of the lymph vessels and circulatory vessels
      2. Identify and describe lymph capillaries, trunks, vessels, ducts, nodes, spleen, tonsils, thymus and MALT.
      3. Differentiate between lymph and chyle
      4. List and identify the large lymphatic vessels and the areas that they serve
      5. List the regional groupings of lymph nodes
      6. List the three types of tonsils
      7. Describe how the anatomy of the capillaries, vessels, and nodes allow for their functional ability
      8. Describe the structure and cellular components of lymph nodes.
      9. Identify all lymphatic structures listed on the BIO 153 Anatomy Objectives List
   2.  Demonstrate an understanding of lymphatic system physiology.
      1. Explain the functions of the lymphatic system.
      2. Explain the role of the following organs and associated tissues of the lymphatic system: lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, thymus gland, and mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT).
      3. Describe the function of lymphatic capillaries, vessels, trunks, thoracic duct, and right lymphatic duct and relate to flow of lymph.
      4. Describe how the structure of lymph node correlates with its function.
      5. Describe how blood capillary flow and function relates to lymphatic capillary flow and function.
      6. Define edema and list causes of edema.
   3. Demonstrate an understanding of body defenses, both innate and adaptive.
      1. Define immunity.
      2. Differentiate between innate and adaptive immunity.
      3. Describe the surface barriers and their protective functions (first lines of defense)
         1. Skin and mucous membranes (sweat, lysozyme, pH, bacterial flora)
         2. Phagocytic cells (macrophages and neutrophils)
         3. Antimicrobial proteins (complement and interferons)
         4. Natural killer cells
      4. Describe the inflammatory process (second line of defense). Identify several inflammatory chemicals and indicate their specific roles.
         1. Identify the importance of inflammation.
         2. List the signs of inflammation and what factors lead to those signs.
         3. Briefly describe white blood cell mobilization (diapedesis and chemotaxis).
      5. Define antigen and describe how antigens affect the immune system.
      6. Follow antigen processing in the body.
      7. Describe the responsibilities of B cells, memory cells, and plasma cells as it relates to humoral immunity.
         1. Introduce the origin and maturation process of B cells.
         2. Describe the structure of an antibody monomer.
         3. Know the five classes of antibodies.
         4. Explain the functions of antibodies and uses of antibodies.
         5. Compare and contrast active and passive humoral immunity.
         6. Differentiate between the primary and secondary responses to an antigen.
      8. Describe the functions of cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, suppressor T cells and memory T cells as it relates to cell-mediated immunity.
         1. Introduce the origin and maturation process of T cells
      9. Define autoimmunity and gives examples of autoimmune diseases.
2. Demonstrate an understanding of the cardiovascular system.
   1. Develop an understanding of cardiac muscle tissue and heart anatomy.
      1. Discuss the specific characteristics of cardiac muscle.
      2. Describe the size, shape, location and orientation of the heart in the thorax.
      3. Name and describe the layers of the heart wall.
      4. Name the covering of the heart and describe its responsibility.
      5. Name and identify the major vessels entering and exiting the heart
      6. Name and identify the chambers of the heart and distinguish any structures located within each chamber.
      7. Clearly distinguish between the responsibility of the atria and ventricles and how their anatomy correlates with those responsibilities.
      8. Name and identify the valves and discuss their responsibility
      9. Trace the flow of blood through the heart.
      10. Identify differences between the fetal heart and the heart after birth and the associated blood flow.
      11. Identify all heart structures listed on the BIO 153 Anatomy Objectives List.
   2. Discuss cardiac physiology
      1. Name the components of the conduction system of the heart and trace the conduction pathway.
      2. Illustrate and explain the basic aspects of a normal electrocardiogram tracing. Relate the EKG pattern to the activity of the electrical conduction system of the heart.
      3. Define action potential and discuss how sodium, potassium, and calcium are important in cardiac muscle contraction.
      4. Briefly describe how heart function is controlled.
      5. Define and describe ventricular diastole and systole.
      6. Define and explain cardiac output, preload, afterload, EDV, ESV, heart rate and stroke volume.  Discuss how these are all interrelated.
      7. Define Frank Starling’s law of the heart.
      8. Discuss and describe the timing of events of the cardiac cycle.
      9. Name the heart sounds and how are they created.  Define murmur.
      10. Understand the importance of blood flow through the coronary vessels and relate that to the development of the following: hypoxia, ischemia, infarction, heart failure.
      11. Discuss and describe congestive heart failure and how pulmonary congestion and peripheral congestion may develop.
      12. Define normal sinus rhythm and the following terms related to arrhythmias: tachycardia, bradycardia, ectopic beats, flutter, fibrillation, SA and AV nodal block.
   3. Demonstrate understanding of and describe vessels of the circulatory system.
      1. Differentiate between arteries, veins, and capillaries., regarding anatomy, function and direction of flow.
      2. Describe the anatomy of an artery, a vein, and a capillary
      3. List and describe the three layers that comprise blood vessel walls.
      4. Describe the flow of blood from arterial flow through a capillary bed to venous flow.
      5. Identify all arteries and veins listed on the BIO 153 Anatomy Objectives List.
   4. Develop a knowledge of the role blood vessels play in delivering blood to tissues.
      1. Define and explain capillary osmotic pressure, capillary hydrostatic pressure, and interstitial hydrostatic pressure
      2. Differentiate between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure.
      3. Define and explain mean arterial pressure.
      4. Identify the mechanisms the body uses to control blood pressure (baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and kidney function)
      5. Describe how one measures blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer.
      6. Define resistance, blood flow, blood volume, blood pressure and hypertension. Explain how these are interrelated.
      7. Differentiate between pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit.
      8. Describe the importance of the hepatic portal system.
      9. Explain how blood flow to various parts of the body can be adjusted based on the metabolic demand of those tissues.
      10. Define shock and differentiate between the various types.
      11. Define and explain arteriosclerosis.
3. Demonstrate an understanding of the respiratory system.
   1. Demonstrate familiarity with the anatomy of the organs of the respiratory system.
      1. Identify the tissues that make up the major organs of the respiratory system.
      2. Follow the flow of air from the point of entry to the point of gas exchange within the respiratory system.
      3. Differentiate between ventilation and respiration.
      4. Define diffusion and describe how it is vital to the functioning of the respiratory system.
      5. Discuss the functional differences between the different structures of the respiratory system.
      6. Identify the muscles (diaphragm, intercostals) involved with ventilation.
      7. Describe the effects on the pleural cavity and lung function as result of pneumothorax.
      8. Explain the relationship between the capillary bed and the alveolus.
      9. Explain the function of the ciliated pseudostratified epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract as it relates protecting the respiratory tract.
      10. Identify all respiratory structures listed on the BIO 153 Anatomy Objectives List.
   2. Demonstrate an understanding of the nervous system structures that control the respiratory cycle.
      1. Describe the regions of the medulla and pons that control ventilation.
      2. Describe the locations of the chemoreceptors that provide sensory information relative to respiratory control.
      3. Describe the locations of the stretch receptors that provide information relative to respiratory control.
   3. Demonstrate an understanding of the mechanisms involved in the respiratory cycle.
      1. Identify and define the terms associated with spirometry; i.e. tidal volume, etc.
      2. State and briefly explain the following gas laws as they relate to the respiratory system: Dalton’s Law, Henry’s Law, and Boyle’s Law. 
      3. Describe surfactant and how it functions in the respiratory system.
      4. Relate the effects of increased levels of CO2 in the plasma and the corresponding drop in pH in the CSF to an increase in respiration (the Bohr Effect).
      5. Compare the contrast the roles that increased CO2 levels and decreased O2 levels have on respiration. (the Haldane Effect).
      6. Correlate atmospheric pressure, intrapulmonary pressure, lung compliance, and intra-pleural pressures with inhalation and exhalation.
   4. Demonstrate knowledge regarding the steps in respiration.
      1. Regarding pulmonary ventilation:
         1. Describe how the muscles of respiration function in inhalation and exhalation.
         2. Identify the significance of the phrenic nerve and intercostal nerves in controlling the muscles of respiration.
      2. Regarding external respiration:
         1. Describe oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration gradients and net gas movements at the alveoli.
      3. Regarding respiratory gas transport:
         1. Describe the ways in which oxygen is transported from the alveoli to the tissues via the cardiovascular system as oxyhemoglobin and dissolved in the plasma.
         2. Relate the structure of the hemoglobin molecule to its ability to carry H+.
         3. Explain the effect that pH has on O2 carrying capacity by the hemoglobin molecule.
         4. Explain the effect that temperature has on the O2 carrying capacity of the hemoglobin molecule.
         5. Explain the effect that CO2 concentration has on the O2 carrying capacity of the hemoglobin molecule.
         6. Describe the ways in which carbon dioxide is transported from the tissues to the alveoli via the cardiovascular system as carbaminohemoglobin, dissolved in the plasma, and as a bicarbonate ion in the plasma (slow and fast mechanisms).
         7. Identify the importance of the chloride shift as it relates to carbon dioxide transport.
      4. Regarding internal respiration:
         1. Describe oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration gradients and net gas movements at the tissues.
   5. Briefly introduce common respiratory disorders.
   6. Relate acidosis and alkalosis to various types of respiratory distress.
4. Demonstrate an understanding of the digestive system and nutrition.
   1. Develop an understanding of the anatomy of the human digestive system.
      1. Identify the organs and structures of the gastrointestinal tract versus the associated accessory organs and structures.
      2. Trace the flow of foodstuffs as they pass through the alimentary canal.
      3. Identify all digestive system structures listed on the BIO 153 Anatomy Objectives List.
   2. Describe the functions of the organs and structures of the digestive tract and the accessory organs and structures.
      1. Define mastication, deglutition, enzyme, mechanical and chemical digestion, bolus, chyme, segmentation, and peristalsis.
      2. List the major enzymes used by the digestive system.
      3. Explain the general way in which enzymes work.
      4. Describe the role of the liver in the digestive process.
      5. Describe both the exocrine and endocrine roles of the pancreas in the digestive process.
         1. Briefly explain how diabetes mellitus may develop.
      6. Describe how the structure of the small intestine and large intestine relate to the digestive process, including absorption and packaging of wastes.
   3. Develop a basic knowledge of nutrition.
      1. Define calorie, kilocalorie (Calorie), catabolism, anabolism, metabolism, ATP, nutrient and nutrition.
      2. Describe the components of a balanced diet including the concept of recommended daily amounts.
      3. Differentiate between water-soluble vitamins, fat-soluble vitamins, and minerals
      4. Identify the major functions of each of the following vitamins: D, E, A, K, B1, B2, B6, Niacin, Folic Acid, B12, and C.
      5. Briefly describe the steps involved in cellular respiration and how carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins may be used to produce ATP.
5. Demonstrate an understanding of the urinary system.
   1. Demonstrate understanding of the anatomy of the urinary system.
      1. Understand the association between the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
      2. Identify the major internal divisions and microscopic structures of the renal tissue.
      3. Differentiate between cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons. Describe the anatomical differences between the two types.
      4. Identify all urinary system structures listed on the BIO 153 Anatomy Objectives List.
   2. Demonstrate understanding of the physiology of the kidney.
      1. Trace the flow of blood through the kidney.
      2. Discuss and describe the three major processes in urine formation.
         1. Give specific examples of substances that are transported during these three processes.
      3. Explain the various pressures that affect the rate of filtrate formation in the glomerulus.
      4. Explain purpose of the counter-current mechanism.
   3. Demonstrate understanding of hormones that affect the function of the urinary system.
      1. For each of the following hormones or hormone pathways, the student should be able to discuss:  where they are produced, target tissue of hormone, what triggers the hormone’s release and what slows down or turns off this hormone release:
         1. Aldosterone
         2. ADH
         3. Parathormone
         4. Renin-Angiotensin Pathway
   4. Briefly describe common diseases and disorders that affect the urinary system.
   5. Demonstrate understanding of urinalysis.
      1. Detail the different tests that make up a complete urinalysis.
      2. Know the normal components of urine in a healthy individual.
      3. The student shall be familiar with terms that are used to describe abnormal urines; i.e. glycosuria, polyuria, etc.
      4. Relate abnormal findings on a urinalysis with possible diagnoses.
   6. Demonstrate knowledge of the distribution of body fluids.
      1. Identify the different fluid compartments of the body (and the subdivisions of the extracellular fluid).
      2. Differentiate between the components of the intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid.
   7. Demonstrate knowledge of the mechanisms for the regulation of water balance.
      1. Discuss water intake vs. water output on a 24-hour basis.
      2. Relate the details of the thirst mechanism to water balance.
      3. Review the role of ADH and osmoreceptors to overall water balance.
   8. Demonstrate understanding of the concept of electrolyte balance.
      1. The student will be able to discuss the mechanisms whereby the human body maintains the appropriate electrolyte balance for the following electrolytes:
         1. Na+, K+, Cl-, Mg++, Ca++, and PO4-3
   9. Demonstrate knowledge of the concept of acid-base balance.
      1. Define acid, base, pH, and buffer.
      2. Differentiate between weak acids and strong acids as well as weak bases and strong bases.
      3. Explain the bicarbonate buffering system and illustrate the process via the chemical reactions.
      4. Explain the phosphate buffering system and illustrate the process via the chemical reactions.
      5. Explain the protein buffering system and know that it is amphoteric.
      6. Define and provide medical reasons for the following: metabolic acidosis or alkalosis and respiratory acidosis and alkalosis.
6. Demonstrate an understanding of human reproduction and development.
   1. Develop a knowledge of male reproductive anatomy and physiology.
      1. Describe the function of each of the structures in the male reproductive system.
      2. Describe the route sperm take from the point of production to outside of the body.
      3. Describe the divisions of the male urethra.
      4. Describe the components of the male penis: glans, shaft, corpus spongiosum, corpora cavernosa, prepuce
      5. Describe the contribution of each of the glands of the male reproductive system in the production of semen.
      6. Briefly explain the blood flow to the penis.
      7. Outline the events of spermatogenesis. (Note differences between mitosis and meiosis.)
      8. Describe the anatomy of the sperm.
      9. Describe the roles of the following hormones: GnRH, FSH, LH/ICSH and testosterone.
      10. Identify all male reproductive structures listed on the BIO 153 Anatomy Objectives List.
   2. Develop knowledge of female reproductive anatomy and physiology.
      1. Describe the function of each of the structures in the female reproductive system.
      2. Describe the changes of the ovary during the 28 day cycle.
      3. Outline the events of oogenesis. (Note the differences between mitosis and meiosis.)
      4. Define and discuss ovulation.
      5. Define the following: Graafian follicle, corpus luteum, corpus albicans.
      6. Describe the path of the oocyte/ovum from ovary to uterus.
      7. Describe the structure of the uterus and the three layers of the uterine wall.
      8. Define menstruation. Describe how the changes in the ovary during the 28 day cycle correlate with uterine changes, thus menstruation.
      9. Describe the female vulva and all of its components.
      10. Describe the roles of the following hormones: GnRH, FSH, LH, estrogen and progesterone.
      11. Compare and contrast the female clitoris to the male penis.
      12. Identify all female reproductive structures listed on the BIO 153 Anatomy Objectives List.
   3. Discuss contraception methods for both males and females.
   4. Develop knowledge of pregnancy, birth and lactation.
      1. Define and discuss pregnancy, implantation, gestation, placenta, and parturition.
      2. Describe the role of the uterus in pregnancy.
      3. Describe the role of the cervix during pregnancy.
      4. Describe the changes in the uterus that occur as a result of pregnancy.
      5. Describe the role of the female hormones in preparation of the uterus.
      6. Describe the hormonal state of a pregnant female.
      7. Describe the hormones produced by the placenta and the role they play.
      8. Describe the three stages of parturition.
      9. Discuss the roles of relaxin, oxytocin, human chorionic gonadotropin, and prolactin.
      10. Define lactation. Identify mammary tissues and associated structures.
   5. Develop knowledge of embryonic and fetal development.
      1. Define zygote, blastocyst, fertilization, conception, embryo, fetus.
      2. Describe the stages of development from the egg to fertilization to birth.
      3. Refer to the changes that occur between the fetal and infant circulations.
      4. List and describe the germ layers and identify to which organ systems they give rise.
      5. Describe the roles of the following extra-embryonic membranes: amnion, chorion, allantois, and yolk sac.

BIO 160AW - Human Anatomy & Physiology Review

1. Demonstrate an understanding of cardiac muscle tissue
   1. List the three types of muscle
   2. Define myogenic
   3. Define intercalated discs
   4. Compare the three types of muscle tissue
   5. Relate the following terms: myogenic, self excitation, inherent rhythmicity, syncytium, cell to cell stimulation, long absolute refractory
2. Describe the Action Potential of Cardiac Muscle
   1. Define action potential, absolute refractory, and relative refractory periods for cardiac muscle.
   2. Compare and contrast the nerve action potential to the cardiac muscle action potential
   3. Describe the role of Na+ and K+ in the heart muscle action potential
   4. Describe the role of Ca++ in the heart action potential
   5. Suggest the advantage of a long refractory period to the heart
   6. Indicate on a graph of a normal cardiac muscle action potential, what effect EDTA (Ca++binding agent) would have
   7. Design an experiment that would show the effects of changes in Ca++concentration and contraction of cardiac muscle
3. Demonstrate an understanding of the anatomy and blood flow through the heart
   1. Name the major vessels associated with the heart
   2. Name the chambers and structures blood passes as it moves from right heart to left heart
   3. Name the layers of the heart wall
   4. Name the valves between the chambers
   5. Name the valves leaving the heart
   6. Differentiate between systemic and pulmonary circulation
   7. Predict what would happen if a patient experienced right side or left side heart failure
   8. Predict the flow of blood in an adult heart if there is an opening in the interventricular wall
   9. Predict how blood will move if a person suffers a severe right heart infarction
4. Demonstrate an understanding of how the heart beats and understanding of the EKG
   1. Illustrate and label the conductive pathway
   2. Describe the role of the components of the conductive pathway: SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, bundle branch fibers,and Purkinje fibers.
   3. Define EKG and what information it provides
   4. Label and identify the components of an EKG and describe events happening during each component
   5. Compare normal EKG to abnormal (e.g. Sinus Tachycardia, Bradycardia, and PVCs)
5. Understand and describe the cardiac cycle
   1. Define diastole, systole, ventricular filling, and ventricular ejection
   2. Define isovolumetric contraction, isovolumetric relaxation
   3. Describe the events of the atrial diastole
   4. Describe the events of the atrial systole
   5. Describe the events of the ventricular diastole
   6. Describe the events of the ventricular systole
   7. Given a graph of the cardiac cycle, explain the reasons for all the pressure changes seen in the atrium
   8. Predict and explain the phase of the cardiac cycle when ventricular volume is low
   9. Compare the position of the valves in isovolumetric contraction vs isovolumetric relaxation
6. Understand the factors that affect heart rate
   1. Define the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
   2. Describe the components of the ANS with respect to division, location, type of neurotransmitter
   3. Indicate what affect stress, age, gender, and temperature have on heart muscle
   4. Discuss the role of Ca++ on heart muscle contraction and rate
7. Understand and describe arrhythmic conditions of the heart
   1. Define rhythmic and arrhythmias
   2. Define the following terms related to arrhythmias: tachycardia, bradycardia, ectopic beats, flutter, fibrillation, SA and AV nodal block, murmurs
   3. Describe three factors that might cause a tachycardia
   4. Describe the parameters for an NSR ( normal sinus rhythym)
   5. Describe the parameters on an EKG for V tachycardia, and V fibrillation
8. Understand and describe vessels of the circulatory system
   1. Define artery, arteriole, vein, venule and capillary
   2. Describe the anatomy of an artery, a vein, and a capillary
   3.  Describe the flow of blood through a capillary bed
   4. Label the major arteries and veins of the body
   5. Describe coronary venous blood flow
   6. Describe coronary arterial blood flow
9. Demonstrate a knowledge of the role blood vessels play in delivering blood to tissues
   1. Define Starling’s Law of Capillary
   2. Define capillary osmotic pressure, capillary hydrostatic pressure, and interstitial hydrostatic pressure
   3. Define systolic pressure vs diastolic pressure and interpret a blood pressure reading
   4. Relate blood volume to blood pressure
10. Understand the factors that affect mean arterial pressure
    1. Define Starling’s law of heart, contractility, and peripheral resistance
    2. Define carotid/aortic sinuses, pressoreceptors, cardiac output, and stroke volume
    3. Describe how the pressoreceptors respond to increased volume of blood leaving the heart
    4. Explain the role of the aortic/carotid sinuses
    5. Calculate heart rate if given the cardiac output and stroke volume

BIO 160BW - A & P Case Studies

1. Demonstrate understanding of the interaction between the human cardiovascular and other systems of the human body.
   1. Introduce a case study involving the cardiovascular system.
   2. Make a list of symptoms which may lead to the main problem.
   3. Describe the anatomy of the cardiovascular system, including heart, arteries, veins and capillaries.
   4. Illustrate the physiology of the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries.
   5. Analyze and compare the symptoms of the patient in the presented case (i.e. the blood pressure and EKG) to the physiological state.
   6. Relate the main problem in the presented case to at least 4 other body systems i.e. respiratory/ digestive/ renal/ integumentary.
   7. Suggest treatment options and how to solve problems of the case.
   8. Work as a team and analyze the case study using your textbooks from your previous Biology classes/ models and additional handouts from instructor.
2. Demonstrate understanding of the interaction between the human respiratory and other systems of the human body.
   1. Introduce a case study involving the respiratory system.
   2. Make a list of symptoms which lead to the main problems.
   3. Illustrate the anatomy of the respiratory system.
   4. Review the external and internal respiration.
   5. Analyze and compare the symptoms of the patient in the presented case with the physiology of breathing.
   6. Relate the main problem in the presented case to at least 4 other body systems i.e. digestive/renal/ integumentary/ nervous.
   7. Suggest treatment options and how to solve problems.
   8. Work as a team and analyze the case study using your textbooks from your previous Biology classes/ models and additional handouts from instructor.
3. Demonstrate understanding of the interaction between the human nervous and other systems of the human body.
   1. Introduce a case study involving the nervous system.
   2. Make a list of symptoms which lead to the main problems.
   3. Describe the anatomy of the nervous system, and its division into CNS and PNS.
   4. Illustrate the physiology of the different parts of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, tracts, peripheral nerves
   5. Explain the importance of the myelin sheath in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
   6. Review the blood supply to the brain and the Circle of Willis (cerebral arterial circle).
   7. Review resting membrane potential, action potential, refractory period
   8. Illustrate an understanding of the ANS and its parts
   9. Analyze and compare the symptoms of the patient in the presented case i.e. blood supply, CSF-circulation to the physiological state. Relate the main problem in the presented case to at least 4 other body systems (i.e.: respiratory/ digestive/ renal/ integumentary).
   10. Suggest treatment options and how to solve problems of the case.
   11. Work as a team and analyze the case study using your textbooks from your previous Biology classes/ models and additional handouts from instructor.4.
4. Demonstrate understanding of the interaction between the human digestive and other systems of the human body.    
   1. Introduce a case study involving the digestive system.
   2. Make a list of symptoms which lead to the main problems.
   3. Illustrate the anatomy and physiology of each organ of the digestive system.
   4. Describe how these organs interact in digestion.
   5. Review malabsorption and its effects on the body.
   6. Analyze and compare the symptoms of the patient in the presented case with the physiology of digestion.
   7. Relate the main problem in the presented case to at least 4 other body systems (i.e.: renal/integumentary/ skeletal/ nervous system).
   8. Suggest treatment options and how to solve problems.
   9. Work as a team and analyze the case study using your textbooks from your previous Biology classes/ models and additional handouts from instructor.
5. Demonstrate understanding of the interaction between the human renal and other systems of the human body.
   1. Introduce a case study involving the renal system.
   2. Make a list of symptoms which lead to the main problem in the presented case.
   3. Illustrate the anatomy and physiology of the renal system (i.e.: urine production, pathway of urine and control of urinary flow).
   4. Review filtration, diffusion and secretion as basic steps in urine formation.
   5. Analyze and compare the symptoms of the patient in the presented case with the physiology of the renal system.
   6. Relate the main problem(s) to at least 4 other body systems (i.e.: respiratory/ digestive/integumentary/ vascular and blood/ skeletal).
   7. Suggest treatment options and how to solve problems.
   8. Work as a team and analyze the case study using your textbooks from your previous Biology classes/ models and additional handouts from instructor.
6. Demonstrate understanding of the interaction between the human endocrine system and other systems of the human body.
   1. Introduce a case study involving the endocrine system.
   2. Name the different organs of the endocrine system.
   3. Describe each gland and its hormones.
   4. Review the hypothalamus/ hypophysis feedback mechanism
   5. Make a list of symptoms which lead to the main problem and relate it to a gland.
   6. Analyze and compare the symptoms of the patient in the presented case to the physiological state.
   7. Relate it to at least to 4 other body systems (i.e.: respiratory/ digestive/ renal/ nervous system).
   8. Suggest treatment options and how to solve problems.
   9. Work as a team and analyze the case study using your textbooks from your previous Biology classes/ models and additional handouts from instructor.
7. Develop a case study involving at least 3 major body systems.
   1. Will work in a team (often of 3 students) to develop a case; indicate the patient’s age, gender, and a brief history of the chief complaint that brought the patient to the hospital or to the student’s attention. Note the important physical observations and assessments that were reported.
   2. Determine what information will be needed to fully understand the medical condition of the individual.
   3. Focus on the chief medical complaint and any interesting associated problem, discuss the underlying anatomy and physiology that explain the physical condition of this patient.
   4. Indicate 3 other major body systems that are involved in this disease
   5. Suggest treatment options and how to solve problems.
8. Recognize common biological themes in case studies.
   1. Demonstrate understanding of structure and function of the human body and its organ systems
   2. Develop ability to integrate this knowledge to clinical case.
   3. Develop skills in using materials, tools and/or technology central to this subject
   4. Apply knowledge to differentiate between healthy and not healthy state.
   5. Understand the language of anatomy and physiology and apply this language in communication with patients and the medical team.
   6. Communicate effectively in writing and speaking in front of a specific audience.
   7. Work productively with others in a team.

BIO 171 - Introduction to Molecular and Cellular Biology

1. Demonstrate skills associated with the common student learning outcomes for Delta College.
   1. Competently communicate in the language of the discipline.
   2. Demonstrate the ability to think critically through scientific and quantitative reasoning.
   3. Use cooperative interactions to learn and accomplish complex tasks
   4. Access scientific information from a variety of sources for purposes learning and critical evaluation.
2. Demonstrate the process of science in order to engage in scientific investigations.
   1. Outline the steps of the scientific method.
   2. Plan an experiment using the steps of the scientific method.
   3. Classify data as either qualitative or quantitative.
   4. Emphasize the use of safety during scientific investigation.
   5. Use of spreadsheets to track and analyze data.
   6. Demonstrate competency in performing specific laboratory techniques, including spectrophotometry, use of standard curves, microscopy, cell transformation, sterile technique, gel electrophoresis and tests for various carbohydrates.
   7. Analyze data from specific laboratory approaches including DNA sequencing, restriction mapping, Edmund degradations, reciprocal crosses and genetic chromosome mapping.
3. Recognize the broad unifying themes in the study of living things.
   1. List the characteristics of life which are common to all organisms/cells.
   2. Provide several examples of the correlation of structure and function at the organismal, cellular and sub-cellular level.
   3. Explain the common aspects of the inheritance of biological information as based in nucleic acids and base pairing.
   4. Discuss evolution as a core theme of biology noting that its effects can be seen at the molecular, subcellular, and organismal levels.
4. Demonstrate an understanding of how the living properties of cells are manifest from the physical properties of macromolecules and systems of organelles.
   1. CLASSIFICATION
      1. Classify cells into different kingdoms based on structure, specialization and metabolic characteristics.
      2. List three parts of the cell theory and briefly describe its development.
      3. Explain why cells are small, and be able to calculate the surface area to volume ratio as it relates to the size of the cell.
      4. List five basic differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
      5. Using a microscope, distinguish between cell types characteristic of the five kingdoms.
      6. Prepare materials for microscopic observation and demonstrate the correct procedure for using and storing a compound microscope.
   2. MACROMOLECULES
      1. Apply the basic concepts regarding the structure and organization of matter and energy to biological systems as typically presented in the fields of chemistry and physics.
      2. Identify the biologically important functional groups and their chemical properties.
      3. Identify and describe the structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins as classes of macromolecules.
      4. Discuss how carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins support cell structure, energy use, information storage and chemical catalysis.
      5. Describe the consequences of dehydration and hydrolysis reactions and how they are dependent upon water.
      6. Describe the four levels of protein structure and the forces that help maintain the integrity of each.
      7. Discuss the various ways that organisms/cells interact with their environment.
   3. MEMBRANES
      1. Understand the biochemistry of phospholipids and how they are organized into membranes.
      2. Compare and contrast the terms diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis.
      3. Predict the behavior of a cell in an isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic environment.
      4. Define active transport.
      5. Discuss the membrane models involved in diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport.
      6. Differentiate between endocytosis and exocytosis.
      7. Describe the operation of sodium-potassium pumps and the proton pumps.
   4. CELL SIGNALLING
      1. Discuss the signal hypothesis.
      2. Indicate the functions of cell surface receptors and cell surface markers.
   5. ORGANELLES
      1. Describe techniques and tools used to study cells such as microscopy, centrifugation, and radioactive tracers.
      2. Identify and describe the cell organelles and how they function.
      3. Identify which organelles belong to the endomembrane system.
      4. Identify the path of a secreted protein through the cell.
5. Demonstrate an understanding of the metabolic strategies that cells utilize.
   1. ENERGETICS AND ENZYMES
      1. Discuss the energetics of coupling reactions.
      2. Identify different types of potential energy within a cell. (concentration gradients, electronegativity, repulsion of like-charges, order)
      3. Identify cellular processes that convert one type of stored energy into another type of energy.
      4. Apply the principles of entropy, enthalpy, endergonic, exergonic, catabolism, anabolism, dehydration reactions, and hydrolysis reactions with macromolecule metabolism.
      5. Explain how energy is stored in the structure of ATP.
      6. Define activation energy and describe how it is related to reaction rate and how it can be altered.
      7. Describe the role of enzymes as chemical catalysts in biological systems.
      8. Explain in terms of chemical properties of amino acids how an enzyme is capable of possessing substrate specificity.
      9. Identify that pH, temperature, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration and inhibitors can all affect the activity of an enzyme.
      10. Explain in chemical terms how pH, temperature, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration and inhibitors can all affect the activity of an enzyme.
      11. Explain in terms of the Law of Mass Action the difference between competitive and non-competitive inhibitors.
      12. Diagram a generalized biochemical pathway.
      13. Explain the role of kinases in the cell.
   2. RESPIRATION AND FERMENTATION
      1. Describe glycolysis in general terms, including initial reactants, products, as well as net vs. total ATP production.
      2. Explain the chemical consequences of the early phosphorylation events of glycolysis.
      3. Describe the role of the citric acid cycle, the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration.
      4. Compare the overall energy efficiency of the complete aerobic degradation of one molecule of glucose with the efficiency of glycolysis alone.
      5. Explain the role of NADH and FADH in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle as electron carriers.
      6. Explain the relative ATP yields or NADH and FADH in terms of oxidative potential and the electron transport chain.
      7. Distinguish between substrate and oxidative phosphorylation.
      8. Explain the significance of oxygen and hydrogen in biological redox reactions.
      9. Briefly describe the role of the citric acid cycle in intermediary metabolism touching on deamination and beta-oxidation.
      10. Describe alcoholic fermentation in terms of needing to recycle electron acceptors, its energy output and its end products.
      11. Describe three ways in which living organisms generate ATP and indicate which is more efficient.
      12. Describe the process of anaerobic respiration as it occurs in human muscle.
      13. Identify the stage of glycolysis, respiration and/or fermentation in which these intermediates are produced or involved: glucose, pyruvate, acetyl, acetyl CoA, oxaloacetate, citrate, oxygen, water, carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions.
      14. Identify the cellular location of the different stages of glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and fermentation.
   3. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
      1. Describe the properties of light in terms of energy content and photons.
      2. Name the stages of eukaryotic photosynthesis and indicate which processes require light and why.
      3. State the overall equation for photosynthesis and explain why water is included on both sides of the equation.
      4. Explain how photosynthesis I and II produce ATP and NADH.
      5. Compare and contrast non-cyclic and cyclic electron flow.
      6. Describe how RUDP, glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate and PGAL fit into the Calvin Cycle.
      7. Define photorespiration and its potential hazard to plants.
      8. Discuss how CAM and C4 plants combat excessive photorespiration.
      9. Identify the location of the light and dark reactions inside the chloroplast.
      10. Discuss the complementary nature of photosynthesis and aerobic respiration.
6. Demonstrate an understanding of how cells use genetic information for protein synthesis.
   1. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
      1. Recognize and properly label the chemical components of a DNA molecule.
      2. Identify the contributions of: Griffiths, Avery et al., Hershey and Chase, Chargaff, Wilkins and Franklin, Watson and Crick to the discovery of DNA as the information molecule.
      3. Explain what is meant by semi-conservative replication.
      4. Explain the experiments which lead to understanding that DNA is replicated semi-conservatively.
      5. Discuss the role of the following in DNA replication: origin of replication, strand separation, priming, polymerase, Okazaki fragments, ligase, proofreading and DNA repair.
      6. List five differences between DNA and RNA.
      7. Describe diagrammatically the processes of DNA replication, RNA
   2. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
      1. Explain transcription, and translation. (The central dogma.)
      2. Given a DNA coding strand and a table of codons/amino acids, determine the complimentary mRNA strand, tRNA anticodons, and the amino acid sequence that would be translated.
      3. Discuss the contributions of Garrod, Beadle and Tatum to our current understanding of the gene.
      4. Compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes and genomes.
      5. Discuss signal sequences, RNA splicing and processing, spliceosomes and ribozymes.
      6. Predict the impact of various types of mutation on protein sequence.
   3. GENE STRUCTURE and REGULATION
      1. Describe the five regions of the lac operon and how they work together to regulate lactose metabolism.
      2. Identify the stages in the central dogma at which regulation of gene expression can occur.
      3. Describe generally the source of antibody diversity.
      4. Describe the effects of chemical modification of nucleic acids on gene expression.
      5. Compare and contrast oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
      6. Describe three different levels associated with the control of gene expression.
      7. Discuss the features specific to eukaryotic genes which allow them to evolve more quickly than prokaryotic genes.
      8. Discuss development at the organismal level. Include the following in your discussion: totipotent, differentiation, and homeotic genes.
      9. Compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic chromosome structures.
      10. Identify factors in the environment which can act as mutagens and/or carcinogens.
7. Demonstrate an understanding of how biotechnology uses genetic information.
   1. Identify viral structures and replication, distinguish between DNA viruses, RNA viruses and retroviruses.
   2. Discuss the lytic and lysogenic cycles of bacteriophage
   3. Discuss the bacterial genome, plasmids, transformation, transduction, and conjugation.
   4. Define a transposon and name several organisms in which transposons have been identified.
   5. Distinguish between applied and basic research using examples from recombinant DNA technology.
   6. Understand how plasmids and lambda viruses are used as vectors to introduce DNA to a cell.
   7. Know the natural function of restriction endonucleases and how a normal bacterial cell protects its DNA from their activity.
   8. Explain the basic steps of gene cloning.
   9. Explain selection of transformed colonies.
   10. Explain Southern blot hybridization.
   11. Explain the theory of genetic diagnosis based on RFLPs.
   12. Explain the theory of PCR.
   13. Identify the role of HUGO in molecular genetics today.
   14. Discuss the implication of gene therapy in society from both practical and ethical views.
8. Demonstrate understanding of the relationships between cell division and patterns of genetic inheritance.
   1. MITOSIS
      1. Describe and identify the major events of each stage of mitosis and interphase.
      2. Discuss cancer at the cellular level in terms of cell cycle control, signal transduction, the multiple-hit hypothesis, treatment strategies and specific genes such as p53.
   2. MEIOSIS
      1. Describe and identify the major events in each stage of meiosis.
      2. Understand the genetic consequences of crossing over and independent assortment.
      3. Indicate the evolutionary advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction and describe the most current explanation for its initial development.
      4. Define aneuploidy and polyploidy and discuss three human conditions resulting from abnormal chromosome number.
      5. Interpret human karyotypes. 
      6. Differentiate between the products of mitosis and meiosis in number and genetic composition.
   3. TRANSMISSION GENETICS
      1. Identify the stage of meiosis where the following genetic process occur: crossing-over, independent assortment, segregation and non-disjunction.
      2. Define and properly use the terms: dominance, recessive, hybrid, monohybrid, dihybrid, genotype, allele, locus, sex-influenced, sex-limited, mutation, linkage group, crossing over, and non-disjunction.
      3. Utilize the principles of probability in predicting outcomes of genetic crosses involving: monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked, incomplete dominance, and multiple alleles.
      4. Perform pedigree analysis.
      5. Apply the product rule to calculate the probability of independent event occurring together in a genetic cross involving more than one gene pair.
      6. Describe modifications of Mendel’s principles based on the acquisition of new data: i.e. polygenic inheritance, multiple alleles, sex-linked traits, epistasis, and incomplete dominance penetrance.
      7. Describe the role of the genetic counselor and explain the importance of diagnostic testing and family history in the counseling process.
      8. Discuss current potentials and problems associated with recent advances in the field of genetics.
      9. Explain and state the evidence for the chromosome theory of heredity.
      10. Explain how the recombination of linked genes can be used to map chromosomes.
      11. Discuss different chromosomal sex determination systems.
      12. Relate the concept of dosage compensation and the observation of Barr Bodies with the Lyon Hypothesis.

BIO 172W - Introduction to Organismal Biology and Principles of Evolution

1. Demonstrate an understanding about the modern levels of taxonomic classification of organisms.
   1. List the levels of taxonomic classification. 
   2. Produce several examples using the levels of taxonomic.
   3. Compare and contrast placement of humans in reference to other common organisms.
2. Demonstrate an understanding of the history of evolutionary thought.
   1. Name several people who are important in the history of evolutionary biology (ex: Charles Darwin, Jean Baptiste Lamarck, George Cuvier, James Hutton, Thomas Malthus, and Charles  Lyel).
   2. List the steps created by Charles Darwin with his theory of Natural Selection and it’s effects on population characteristics.
   3. Describe the importance of the fossil record, comparative anatomy, embryology, biogeography, and molecular biology data as possible avenues for explaining evolution.
   4. List three major types of selection for traits (ex: Stabilizing, Directional, Diversifying).
   5. Describe the major types of fossils (ex: Amber, Imprint, Caste, Petrified) and how radioactive dating applies to them.
   6. Predict and describe how each of these individuals would respond to modern evolutionary data.
   7. Compare these individuals and show if their work was later scientifically substantiated.
   8. Propose possible applications of types of selection resulting in the creation of new species.
   9. Predict the age of a fossil when given proper data.
   10. Apply Darwin’s hypothesis to new data that is provided.
3. Demonstrate an understanding of the history of life on Earth.
   1. Describe the four major eras in geological time with beginning and ending dates (ex: Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic, and Precambrian).
   2. Describe when major biological events occurred in the past (ex: solidification of the crust, appearance of microbes, primitive atmosphere, appearance of the modern atmosphere, changes in the major life forms on the Earth).
   3. List the major people who are important in our understanding of the formation of cellular life (ex: Oparin, Haldane, Miller, Urey, and Fox).
   4. Describe the ecosystem of the Earth at any point in it’s early history, with specific reference to life forms.
   5. Determine the application of early theories to the appearance of cellular life and it’s subsequent evolution.
   6. Differentiate between chemical and biological evolution, and their importance in the appearance of life on the early Earth.
4. Describe the characteristics of major groups in the Kingdom Monera.
   1. List the two major groupings of bacteria (ex: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria).
   2. List the subgroupings of bacteria, based on Bergey’s Manual (ex: Halophiles, Thermoacidophiles, Methanogens,Actinomycetes, Chemoautotrophs, Cyanobacteria, Endospore-formers, Enterics, Myxoplasmas, Myxobacteria, Nitrogen-fixators, Phototrophs, Pseudomonads, Rickettsias, Chlamydias, and Spirochetes).
   3. List the taxonomic subgroupings of protists (ex: Algae, Protozoa, Fungal-like).
   4. List the taxonomic subgroupings of algae (ex: Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta, and Chrysophyta).
   5. List the taxonomic subgroupings of protozoa (ex: Rhizopoda, Actinopoda, Zoomastigophora, Ciliophora, Foraminifera, and Apicomplexa).
   6. List the taxonomic subgroupings of fungal-like protists (ex: Myxomycota, Acrasiomycota,Oomycota, Chytridiomycota).
   7. Describe the interaction between the various bacterial groups during the stabilization of the early Earth.
   8. Describe the basic forms of bacterial life-styles and how they may have played a part in bacterial evolution.
   9. Describe several theories which could explain the appearance of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic beginnings (ex: Autogenous and Endosymbiotic Theories).
   10. Describe how the oxygen atmosphere could have arisen and relate this occurrence to the evolution of eukaryotes.
   11. Describe the basic characteristics which differentiate the early eukaryotes from the prokaryotes (ex: mostly aquatic aerobes with diverse nutrition, cilia/flagella in their life-cycles, and cyst formation).
   12. Relate the appearance of the various forms of bacteria with formation of the three basic protistal groupings based on metabolism (ex: Plant-like, Animal-like, and Fungal-like), and the subsequent appearance of the multicellular kingdoms that share these characteristics.
   13. Place these organisms in their proper context when describing the evolution of the early Earth (using the geological time scale).
5. Describe major events in the life cycle of four divisions of plants.
   1. List the four major groupings of modern plants (ex: Nonvascular, Vascular Spore-producers, Vascular Naked-seeds, and Vascular True Seeds).
   2. List the divisions of nonvascular plants (ex: Bryophytes, Hepatophytes, and Anthocerophytes).
   3. List the divisions of vascular spore-producing plants (ex: Pterophytes, Lycophytes, Sphenophytes, and Psilophytes).
   4. List the divisions of vascular naked seed plants (ex: Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta, Gnetophyta, and Ginkophyta).
   5. State the one division of vascular true seed plants (ex: Anthophyta).
   6. List the portions of an anthophyte’s flower and their importance in reproduction.
   7. List the major adaptations of the plant kingdom as a whole (ex: vascular tissues, reduction in gametophyte size, protection of embryos, and protection against dessication).
   8. Describe the alternation of generations in plants (ex: gametophyte and sporophyte).
   9. List many of the problems created by the plant kingdom (ex: weedy plants, destruction of wood and other products, competition for water supplies, allergies, etc.).
   10. List many of the benefits created by the plant kingdom (ex: foods, competition with bacteria and protists, building supplies, energy sources, oxygen production, etc.).
   11. Place the major plant groupings into a historical context using the geological time scale.
   12. Describe how the adaptations of the plant divisions led to changes in the evolution of the plant kingdom as a whole.
   13. Describe how the appearance of the anthophytes changed the evolution of other organisms on the early Earth.
   14. Compare/contrast the Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.
   15. Compare/contrast the Monocots and Dicots.
   16. Relate the organisms within the plant kingdom and the organisms within the two earlier kingdoms (ex: bacteria are needed by most plants in order to fix nitrogen, plants create oxygen and most protists are aerobic, etc.).
6. Describe major events in the life cycle of four division of Fungi.
   1. List the four major groupings of modern fungi (ex: Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, and Deuteromycetes.
   2. List the major characteristics of fungi (ex: yeasts, hyphae, mold/mildew, mycelia, septate/aseptate, haustoria, lichens, mycorrhizae, etc.).
   3. List the three major groupings of lichens (ex: crustose, foliose, and fruticose).
   4. List the major characteristics for each of the fungal groups (ex: Zygomycetes are normally coenocytic spore producers that form mycorrhizae with many plants).
   5. List many of the problems created by the fungal kingdom (ex: plant pathogens, human disorders, allergies, destruction of food, destruction of wood products, etc.).
   6. List many of the benefits created by the fungal kingdom (ex: antibiotics, foods, competition with bacteria, etc.).
   7. Place the major fungal groupings into a historical context using the geological time scale.
   8. Describe how the appearance of the fungi changed the evolution of other organisms on the early Earth (ex: antibiotics and their effects).
   9. Compare/contrast the true fungi and the deuteromycetes.
   10. Relate the organisms within the fungal kingdom and the organisms within the three earlier kingdoms (ex: mycorrhizae allowed plants to venture into new areas, lichens produce soil for plants, fungi compete with bacteria and thus accelerate their evolution, etc.).
7. Describe the characteristics of major phyla of Parazoa and Eumetazoa in the Kingdom Animalia.
   1. List the major characteristics of the animal kingdom (ex: prey ingestion, glycogen energy storage, intercellular junctions, 2-4 tissues in embryo development, and dominant diploid forms).
   2. List the major groupings in the animal kingdom (ex: Parazoa and Eumetazoa, Radiata and Bilateria, Acoelomates,  Pseudocoelomates,  Protostomates, and Deuterostomates).
   3. List the major phyla of the animal kingdom (ex: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Nematoda, Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinoderms, and Chordates).
   4. List the major classes within the phyla of the animal kingdom (ex: Hydrazoans, Scyphozoans, and Anthozoans in the Phylum Cnidaria).
   5. List the major characteristics of the chordate embryo (ex: cartilagenous notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, respiratory slits, and a post-anal tail).
   6. List examples of prosimians, new world monkeys, old world monkeys, and great apes.
   7. Be able to list the two forms of hominids (ex: Homo and Australopithecus).
   8. List many of the problems created by the animal kingdom (ex: parasitism, competition with mankind for resources, etc.).
   9. List many of the benefits created by the animal kingdom (ex: food products, work animals, companionship, etc.).
   10. Place the major animal groups into a historical context using the geological time scale.
   11. Describe how the appearance of the animals changed the evolution of other organisms on the early Earth (ex: food supplies, changes in dominant life-forms, etc.)
   12. Create a flow-chart showing the major adaptations within the animal kingdom (ex: importance of coelom formation, mouth-to-anus formation, body symmetry, etc.).
   13. Create a flow-chart showing the major adaptations within the chordates (ex: jaws, armor, cartilagenous skeletons, bones, skin breathers, leathery eggs, calcified eggs, internalized maturation of young, etc.
   14. Compare/contrast the acoelomates and the coelomates.
   15. Compare/contrast the protostomates and deuterostomates.
   16. Compare/contrast the echinoderms and the chordates.
   17. Compare/contrast the prosimians, monkeys, and the great apes.
   18. Compare/contrast the new world and old world monkeys.
   19. Compare/contrast the Homo and Australopithecine lines of hominids.
   20. Relate the organisms within the animal kingdom and the organisms within the four earlier kingdoms (ex: inter-relationship between plants and animals, CO₂/O₂ cycling, energy cycling, colonization of all of the Earth, predator/prey relationships, parasitism, etc.).
   21. Describe how various adaptations within the primate group were correlated with changes in the terrestrial ecosystems of the Earth in the past (ex: drying of the African continent and shifts from arboreal life-styles, specialization vs. generalization of feeding requirements in the primates, pack behavior, etc.).
8. Describe major adaptations of Gymnosperms in the Kingdom Planae.
   1. List the major characteristics of monocots and dicots (ex: cotyledon number, vein type, vascular bundle arrangement, root type, floral part number, and woody growth). 
   2. List the major portions of the modern plant embryo and the tissues that are used to make them.
   3. List the major adaptations of plant roots (ex: winter energy storage, adventitious support, mycorrhizae, nitrogen nodules, root hairs, etc.).
   4. List the major adaptations of plant stems (ex: bulbs, stolons, rhizomes, tubers, and xenophobes, etc.).
   5. List the major adaptations of plant leaves (ex: deciduous/evergreen, tendrils, spines/thorns, succulents, animal traps, petals, etc.).
   6. Diagram the progression of embryonic development in seeds (ex: triploblastic embryo, formation of bark, progression of ground tissue,  cambium formation of xylem and phloem, secondary woody growth, etc.).
   7. Describe the major characteristics of xylem and phloem (ex: cell types, transpiration, source-to-sink sugar movement, flow rates, ionic control of stoma, etc.).
   8. Describe the major characteristics involved in anthophyte reproduction (ex: germination, pollination, fertilization, flower part uses, pollen formation and use, egg formation and use, double fertilization of the seed, etc.).
   9. List the four major groupings of seeds (ex: simple dry, simple fleshy, aggregate, and multiple).
   10. List the five major forms of hormones controlling plant development (ex: auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, and ethylene).
   11. List several tropisms seen in plants (ex: prototropism, apical dominance, fruit ripening, anti-aging effects, winter dormancy, gravitropism, leaf abscission, thigmotropism, etc.).
   12. Compare/contrast the monocots and the dicots in reference to human uses.
   13. Compare/contrast plant root, stem, and leaf adaptations in reference to human uses of the plants.
   14. Compare/contrast the various forms of plant fruits and their uses to mankind.
   15. Compare/contrast the life history strategies of monocots and dicots.
   16. Compare/contrast the life history strategies of deciduous and evergreen plants.
   17. Analyze the reproductive method seen in the anthophytes and formulate possible pros and cons of this system.
   18. Describe the functions of the five major groupings of hormones in the control of plant tropisms (ex: aging, seed dormancy, fruit development, apical dominance, phototropism, etc.).
   19. Relate the adaptations of the plant kingdom and the rise of the hominids (ex: winter food storage, adaptations to the ice ages, movement of hominids on the Earth, shift from nomadic to agricultural life-styles, etc.).
   20. Describe how the various adaptations in plant reproductive styles and fruit development may have correlated with the development of insects, bats, and other forms of animals.
9. Describe the major tissues seen in the Sub-Kingdom Vertebrat.
   1. List the four major forms of modern animal tissues (ex: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous).
   2. List examples of epithelial tissues (ex: simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified ciliated columnar, stratified squamous, etc.)
   3. List examples of connective tissues (ex: adipose, loose fibrous, blood, dense fibrous, cartilage, osseous, etc.).
   4. List examples of muscular tissues (ex: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac).
   5. List the two major cell types seen in nervous tissue (ex: neurons and neuroglia).
   6. Compare/contrast the forms of epithelia and their uses in animals.
   7. Compare/contrast the forms of connective tissues and their uses in animals.
   8. Compare/contrast the forms of muscle tissues and their uses in animals.
   9. Describe how nervous tissue cells function in relationship to other tissues.
   10. Relate the appearance of various forms of tissues and the subsequent success of various taxonomic groups containing those tissues in the fossil history of the Earth.
10. Demonstrate an understanding of anatomy and physiology of animal nutrition.
    1. Describe different feeding mechanisms of animal nutrition.
    2. Define stages of nutrition such as ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.
    3. Explain how food is processed by animals in relation to their structural complexity.
    4. Describe structures and functions of digestive systems of major animal phyla.
    5. Define intracellular digestion and extracellular digestion.
    6. Name different categories of organic molecules in terms of macromolecules and their monomers.
    7. Name major digestive enzymes needed in food processing (humans).
    8. Explain how macromolecules are broken down into their monomers by enzymatic hydrolysis (carbohydrates-> simple sugar, proteins-> amino acids, lipids ->fatty acid and glycerol, nucleic acids-> nucleotides).
    9. Describe where each type of macromolecule is broken down in the digestive tract.
    10. Explain what is meant by “healthy diet”.
    11. Explain the roles of vitamins in digestion and enzymatic reactions.
11. Demonstrate an understanding of animals’ respiratory systems.
    1. List different respiratory systems in major animal phyla.
    2. Name parts and components of these organ systems.
    3. Define characteristics of parts and components within each system.
    4. Define diffusion of gas exchange in this organ system.
    5. Describe the functions of respiratory systems in animals as either being gastrovascular (both digestion and distribution of  nutrients) or cardiovascular.
    6. Explain general evolutionary trends found in the respiratory system of animals (ex: increase in surface area, internalization of respiratory surface, move from water - aquatic environment - to air medium - terrestrial environment, use of concurrent exchange and countercurrent exchange in different animals).
    7. Describe the following respiratory modifications as feature of adaptation in different animals (ex: skin, external gills, internal gills, internal lungs).
    8. Compare and contrast all possible adaptive features found in respiratory systems of major animal phyla.
12. Demonstrate an understanding of animals’ circulatory systems.
    1. List different circulatory and respiratory systems in major animal phyla.
    2. Name parts and components of these organ systems.
    3. Define characteristics of parts and components within each system.
    4. Define diffusion of gas and liquid conditions.
    5. Distinguish between open and closed circulatory systems.
    6. Describe the functions of circulatory systems in animals as either being gastrovascular (both digestion and distribution of nutrients) or cardiovascular.
    7. Explain why most animals need a circulatory system and some do not.
    8. Explain the role of osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure in regulating the exchange of fluid and slute across capillaries.
    9. Analyze different adaptations of the cardiovascular systems in vertebrates.
    10. Compare and contrast all possible adaptive features found in circulatory systems of major animal phyla.
    11. Compare and contrast the circulatory schemes of birds, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.
13. Demonstrate an understanding about the body defense system of major animal groups.
    1. Define the function of the body defense system.
    2. List the nonspecific lines of defenses in the vertebrate body.
    3. List components of specific defenses.
    4. Define immunity: (active and passive).
    5. Categorize different lines of the body defense system and provide an example for each case.
    6. Explain mechanisms of nonspecific defenses (ex: first line of defense - integumentary and mucous membranes, second line of defense - nonspecific macrophages, inflammation, and  protein compliments).
    7. Explain mechanisms of specific defenses (ex: the role of MHC makers and helper T-cells in the humoral mediated response with antibodies and the cell-mediated response).
    8. Explain sequential response to antigens (ex: entry of pathogen, interaction with  macrophages, binds with helper T-cell, activation at subcellular or cell levels, monoclonal selection, primary and secondary immune responses).
    9. Evaluate the consequences of over-reaction and under-reaction of the immune system in relation to the following: autoimmune disorders, immunodeficient individuals, susceptibility to cancer, allergic reaction and the role of IgE.
    10. Characterize the following in relation to the immune system: interleukins with cancer treatments, tissue typing - ex. blood, septic shock - ex. bee stings.
    11. Compare and contrast the structure and function of an enzyme’s active site and an antibody’s antigen-binding site.
14. Demonstrate an understanding about mechanisms controlling animals’ internal environment.
    1. Distinguish between osmoregulator and osmoconformers.
    2. Name different excretory systems found in different animals (ex: planaria – protonephridia, earthworms – metanephridia, insects – malpighian tubules, vertebrates – kidneys).
    3. List components of different excretory systems in animals.
    4. Define internal environment and state where is it found in insects and vertebrates.
    5. Discuss the problems with respect to homeostasis which face organisms living in different environments, and then describe the major types of fossils (ex: Amber, Imprint, Caste, Petrified) and how radioactive dating applies to them.
    6. Describe the functions of the following: protonephridia, metanephridia, malpighian tubules.
    7. Describe the structure and function of the kidney in humans: Structure - cortex (glomerulus and convoluted tubules) and medulla (loop of Henle and collecting tubules), Function (general physiology of the nephron): filtration, secretion, and reabsorption.
    8. Discuss mechanisms involved in water balance with respect to the following three major forms of nitrogenous wastes produced by the metabolism of proteins and nucleic acid, in different animals: ammonia NH₃ – invertebrates, most fish, and some amphibians, urea – (CO (NH₂)₂₎ – all mammals, many amphibians, sharks, and some fish, uric acid (C₅ H₄ N₄ O₃) – birds, insects, reptiles, terrestrial snails.
    9. Discuss physiological adaptations in the kidneys of non-mammalian species that are beneficial in different environments.
15. Demonstrate an understanding of how animals exhibit coordination.
    1. Define terms related to the concept of chemical coordination (ex: hormones, endocrinology, endocrine glands, exocrine glands, receptors, and pheromones).
    2. List different levels of chemical communications between the cells (local level: synaptic and  paracrine, long distance level: pheromones,  neurosecretory, and hormones).
    3. List the three types of hormones and provide examples of each (ex: steroid  hormones/testosterone, hormones derived from amino acids/oxytocin, peptide hormones/insulin).
    4. Describe different levels of cell communication (ex: local level, long distance pheromones in moths, dogs, humans, neurosecretory hormones - protein/amino acid hormones like insulin, glucagon, oxytocin, ADH, calitonin, and growth hormones, steroid hormones like FSH, aldosterone, testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone).
    5. Describe the relationships among the following in chemical signaling systems: hormones, endocrine glands, target cells, target cell receptors.
    6. Explain the evolutionary significance of the two levels of synaptic effects at the local level: monosynaptic reflex, polysynaptic response.
    7. Determine the relationships between the endocrine and nervous system in terms of their structure, function, and chemical component.
16. Demonstrate an understanding about animal reproduction.
    1. Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction.
    2. Name different modes of reproduction and distinguish among parthenogenesis, hermaphroditic reproduction, and sequential hermaphroditicism.
    3. Name the parts of the reproductive systems seen in major animal phyla (including humans).
    4. Describe the importance of sexual reproduction.
    5. Describe the function of each component of the reproductive system of the human male and  female.
    6. Discuss the hormonal control of reproduction in male and female mammals.
    7. Compare and contrast spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
    8. Explain the mode of function for various methods of contraception and their relative effectiveness: ovulation barriers (pill, patch, implants)-barriers to sperm (coitus interruptus, condom, sponge, diaphragm, vasectomy, tubal ligation), implantation barriers (IUD, RU-486).
    9. Determine the evolutionary relationships among different modes of reproduction in major animal phyla: hermaphroditic vs. parthenogenesis, and sequential parthenogenesis vs.population dynamics.
17. Demonstrate an understanding of the basic ecological concepts.
    1. List all the domains of ecology and describe them (ex: organism, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere). 
    2. List the structure and function of ecosystems and their interactions (ex: abiotic factors like temperature, light intensity, nutrients, wind, gas, and other physical factors, versus biotic factors like competition, predator/prey relationships, and parasite loads).
    3. Describe the relationship between ecology and evolution.
    4. Explain how global effects influence ecosystems (ex: latitude and light intensity, global air cells, and latitude vs altitude).
    5. Explain the following responses of organisms to environmental changes (ex: behavioral response, physiological response, morphological response, and adaptation over evolutionary time).
    6. Describe terrestrial ecosystems with respect to their diversity (ex: tropical forests, desert, temperate forests, coniferous forests, and tundra).
    7. Describe aquatic ecosystems with respect to their diversity (ex: marine - abyssal/pelagic/photic zones, coral reefs, estuaries, freshwater - riparian, and lakes).
    8. Identify the various biomes (terrestrial and aquatic) by using a diagram or a map of the region or the world and associate them with dominant life forms from the multicellular kingdoms.
18. Demonstrate an understanding of factors regulating species population size.
    1. Define the scope of both population and community ecology.
    2. Distinguish between density and dispersion.
    3. List the major population parameters and define them.
    4. List major properties of a community and importance of each.
    5. Distinguish between the habitat and the niche of a species.
    6. Define carrying capacity of a given environment.
    7. Describe types of survivorship curves and provide an example for each (ex: Type I, Type II, and Type III).
    8. Explain how ecologists measure density of a species with a capture-mark-recapture formula.
    9. Explain how different population parameters affect population growth and provide examples (ex: intrinsic rate of growth and carrying capacity, exponential growth, and logistic growth).
    10. Describe a theoretical community structure using the individualistic hypothesis and the interactive hypothesis.
    11. Explain all possible community interactions and provide examples (ex: competition, competitive exclusion principle, predator/prey relationships, parasitism, commensalism, ammensalism, mutualism, neutral interaction).
    12. Explain Island Biogeography Theory in relation to species colonization and dispersal in both real islands and areas that act like islands in the mainland situation.
    13. Explain both primary and secondary successions and give examples of each.
    14. Explain the structure and function of the ecosystems in terms of structure (abiotic vs. biotic), primary producers, consumers (primary consumers, secondary consumers, and tertiary), function (energy flow (thermodynamics), food chain and food web, chemical recycling and trophic structure (water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous).
    15. Determine productivity of various ecosystems on the earth and relate them to different human environmental concerns (ex: human population growth, environmental pollution, habitat destruction, genetic diversity, and species and ecosystem utilization).
    16. Compute population size, growth capacity, and type of community interactions when given appropriate novel data.
19. Perform writing tasks to promote learning.
20. Demonstrate the learning of concepts through writing.

BIO 199 - Biology, Genes & Behavior: Living with Our Genes

1. Communicate in the language of the discipline.
   1. Read critically.
   2. Write effectively.
   3. Construct explanations based on empirical evidence and current research in biology and neuroscience to explain the role of nature and nurture in human inheritance.
   4. Evaluate explanations offered by peers for their reliance on observation, empirical evidence and logical reasoning grounded in scientific theories, principles and concepts.
2. Engage in the critical thinking of the discipline.
   1. Integrate and make connections between concepts.
   2. Draw logical conclusions based on evidence.
   3. Make predictions based on empirical evidence.
   4. Identify trends and patterns.
   5. Identify pros and cons in the analysis of bioethical issues.
   6. Differentiate between scientific and nonscientific ways of knowing.
   7. Discuss some of the limitations of science.
3. Collaborate with peers to share ideas or perspectives
   1. Use weekly online discussion forums to summarize readings, evaluate findings, and share current research.
   2. Exchange information, resources, insights and connections to class concepts.
   3. Search for additional resources and dig deeper into topics of interest to provide documentation, evidence and examples to share with your peers.
   4. Compose arguments based on empirical evidence and scientific reasoning to support and explore human behavior and the rapid advances in genetic research.
   5. Demonstrate respect for diverse values and viewpoints that are supported by evidence and logical reasoning.
4. Demonstrate skills required to access quality information in biology, genetics or neuroscience.
   1. Develop search skills to access scientific and educational information.
   2. Use the Internet to access search engines, databases, educational resources, tutorials and online simulations.
   3. Use reference manuals specific to the discipline.
5. Evaluate the quality of online information.
   1. Differentiate between digital media sources including government databases, educational websites, social networking and scientific journals.
   2. Distinguish between pseudoscience, “fake news” and peer-reviewed sources.
6. Recognize the interdependence and connectivity of science and technology.
   1. Compare and contrast basic and applied research.
   2. Provide examples of the interdependence of science and technology and how the ongoing development of technology deepens understanding.
   3. Discuss the interplay of science, technology and society in terms of the diagnosis and treatment of disease.Understand how science and technology can be used to benefit society but that some technological capabilities create ethical and economic dilemmas for society.
7. Discuss evolution as a unifying theory in biology.
   1. Discuss how the theory of evolution explains the relationship between heredity, development, anatomy, behavior and other fields of biology.
   2. Describe the difference between evolution as a theory and intelligent design as a belief.
   3. Describe the relationship between medical science and evolution providing at least one specific example.
8. Discuss how neurons transmit messages in the brain.
   1. Define and properly use the following terms:axon, dendrite, neurotransmitter, receptor and transport protein.
   2. Name and describe the general function of three neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin, GABA).
   3. Discuss how memory and attention are influenced by stress and sleep.
   4. Discuss thrill-seeking and harm avoidance genes and associated D4DR protein variants.
9. Discuss the basic concepts of heredity.
   1. Define and properly use the language of genetics including: gene, allele, chromosome, dominant, recessive, genotype, phenotype, autosomal and sex-linked.
   2. Describe how genetic information (DNA) is transmitted between parent and offspring.
   3. Diagram and describe the central dogma of molecular genetics.
   4. Describe how inborn errors of metabolism can disrupt specific metabolic pathways.
10. Discuss the inheritance of complex genetic traits.
    1. Define and properly use the following terms:polygenic, nature via nurture, twin studies, multifactorial, heritability.
    2. Cite examples of several human traits that are controlled by polygenes.
    3. Explain how polygenic traits are typically multifactorial.
    4. Describe how twin studies can shed light on the hereditary component of complex traits.
    5. List and describe five behavioral traits that are influenced by genes. Name the protein and genetic variants of those that have been widely studied.
11. Discuss the role of genes in mental health.
    1. Describe the role of genes in depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder.
    2. Discuss the nature via nurture aspect of multifactorial conditions characterized as a behavior disorders.
    3. Identify the biological molecules associated with Alzheimer disease and use this information to predict a possible treatment.
    4. Discuss the DSM and the medical model of diagnosis and known limitations.
12. Discuss the role of genes in addiction 
    1. Explore evidence and interpret data from a wide variety of online interactives.
    2. Ask questions and make inferences related to genes and addiction.
    3. Discuss the role of nature via nurture in addiction.
13. Discuss the role of epigenetics in development.
    1. Define epigenetics and provide an example.
    2. Define developmental critical periods and provide an example.
    3. Describe several epigenetic modifications of DNA.
    4. Discuss the role of epigenetics in understanding nature via nurture.
14. Discuss fundamental techniques used in biotechnology or genome research.
    1. Define and properly use the following terms:DNA microarray, CRISPR, gel electrophoresis, PCR and SNPs.
    2. Define biotechnology and describe examples of how biotechnology can be used to improve human health.
    3. Discuss the use of DNA fingerprinting in paternity and forensics.
    4. Discuss the process of genome sequencing.
    5. Describe the importance of stem cells and the potential of stem cell therapy.
    6. Discuss the implications of genomic medicine and gene therapy from a practical and ethical standpoint.
15. Discuss the biological dimensions of gender and sexuality.
    1. Provide a general overview of the four stages of sex differentiation in mammals.
    2. Differentiate between biological sex, gender, gender expression and sexuality.
    3. Name the hormones involved in sex differentiation and the role they play in development.
    4. Discuss the influence of hormones and neurotransmitters on physical attraction and pair bonding.
16. Discuss the significance of somatic cell division (mitosis) as it relates to aging.
    1. Describe the cell cycle and the significance of mitosis.
    2. Discuss the Hayflick limit and the effect of telomere shortening on aging.
17. Discuss the significance of the cell cycle as it relates to cancer.
    1. Explain the consequences of the loss of control of the cell cycle.
    2. Discuss cancer on the cellular and molecular level.
    3. Differentiate between oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
    4. Discuss the pros and cons of different treatment options.
18. Discuss the role of HIV in the development of AIDS.
    1. List three modes of HIV transmission.
    2. Distinguish between HIV and AIDS.
    3. List several signs and symptoms associated with HIV/AIDS.
    4. Provide an overview of the basic life cycle of a retrovirus and discuss the challenge involved with vaccine development.
    5. Name the target cells and discuss the effect of HIV on the immune system.
    6. Discuss some of the social impact of the AIDS pandemic.

BIO 199H - Biology, Genes & Behavior: Living with Our Genes - Honors

Credits: 4
Instructional Contact Hours: 4

1. Communicate in the language of the discipline.
   1. Read critically.
   2. Write effectively.
   3. Construct explanations based on empirical evidence and current research in biology and neuroscience to explain the role of nature and nurture in human inheritance.
   4. Evaluate explanations offered by peers for their reliance on observation, empirical evidence and logical reasoning grounded in scientific theories, principles and concepts.
2. Engage in the critical thinking of the discipline.
   1. Integrate and make connections between concepts.
   2. Draw logical conclusions based on evidence.
   3. Make predictions based on empirical evidence.
   4. Identify trends and patterns.
   5. Identify pros and cons in the analysis of bioethical issues.
   6. Differentiate between scientific and nonscientific ways of knowing.
   7. Discuss some of the limitations of science.
3. Collaborate with peers to share ideas or perspectives.
   1. Use weekly online discussion forums to summarize readings, evaluate findings, and share current research.
   2. Exchange information, resources, insights and connections to class concepts.
   3. Search for additional resources and dig deeper into topics of interest to provide documentation, evidence and examples to share with your peers.
   4. Compose arguments based on empirical evidence and scientific reasoning to support and explore human behavior and the rapid advances in genetic research.
   5. Demonstrate respect for diverse values and viewpoints that are supported by evidence and logical reasoning.
4. Demonstrate skills required to access quality information in biology, genetics or neuroscience.
   1. Develop search skills to access scientific and educational information.
   2. Use the Internet to access search engines, databases, educational resources, tutorials and online simulations.
   3. Use reference manuals specific to the discipline.
5. Evaluate the quality of online information.
   1. Differentiate between digital media sources including government databases, educational websites, social networking and scientific journals.
   2. Distinguish between pseudoscience, “fake news” and peer-reviewed sources.
6. Recognize the interdependence and connectivity of science and technology.
   1. Compare and contrast basic and applied research.
   2.  Provide examples of the interdependence of science and technology and how the ongoing development of technology deepens understanding.
   3. Discuss the interplay of science, technology and society in terms of the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
   4. Understand how science and technology can be used to benefit society but that some technological capabilities create ethical and economic dilemmas for society.
7. Discuss evolution as a unifying theory in biology.
   1. Discuss how the theory of evolution explains the relationship between heredity, development, anatomy, behavior and other fields of biology.
   2. Describe the difference between evolution as a theory and intelligent design as a belief.
   3. Describe the relationship between medical science and evolution providing at least one specific example.
8. Discuss how neurons transmit messages in the brain.
   1. Define and properly use the following terms:axon, dendrite, neurotransmitter, receptor and transport protein.
   2. Name and describe the general function of three neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin, GABA).
   3. Discuss how memory and attention are influenced by stress and sleep.
   4. Discuss thrill-seeking and harm avoidance genes and associated D4DR protein variants.
9. Discuss the basic concepts of heredity.
   1. Define and properly use the language of genetics including: gene, allele, chromosome, dominant, recessive, genotype, phenotype, autosomal and sex-linked.
   2. Describe how genetic information (DNA) is transmitted between parent and offspring.
   3. Diagram and describe the central dogma of molecular genetics.
   4. Describe how inborn errors of metabolism can disrupt specific metabolic pathways.
10. Discuss the inheritance of complex genetic traits.
    1. Define and properly use the following terms:polygenic, nature via nurture, twin studies, multifactorial, heritability.
    2. Cite examples of several human traits that are controlled by polygenes.
    3. Explain how polygenic traits are typically multifactorial.
    4. Describe how twin studies can shed light on the hereditary component of complex traits.
    5. List and describe five behavioral traits that are influenced by genes. Name the protein and genetic variants of those that have been widely studied.
11. Discuss the role of genes in mental health.
    1. Describe the role of genes in depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder.
    2. Discuss the nature via nurture aspect of multifactorial conditions characterized as a behavior disorders.
    3. Identify the biological molecules associated with Alzheimer disease and use this information to predict a possible treatment.
    4. Discuss the DSM and the medical model of diagnosis and known limitations.
12. Discuss the role of genes in addiction 
    1. Explore evidence and interpret data from a wide variety of online interactives.
    2. Ask questions and make inferences related to genes and addiction.
    3. Discuss the role of nature via nurture in addiction.
13. Discuss the role of epigenetics in development.
    1. Define epigenetics and provide an example.
    2. Define developmental critical periods and provide an example.
    3. Describe several epigenetic modifications of DNA.
    4. Discuss the role of epigenetics in understanding nature via nurture.
14. Discuss fundamental techniques used in biotechnology or genome research.
    1. Define and properly use the following terms:DNA microarray, CRISPR, gel electrophoresis, PCR and SNPs.
    2. Define biotechnology and describe examples of how biotechnology can be used to improve human health.
    3. Discuss the use of DNA fingerprinting in paternity and forensics.
    4. Discuss the process of genome sequencing.
    5. Describe the importance of stem cells and the potential of stem cell therapy.
    6. Discuss the implications of genomic medicine and gene therapy from a practical and ethical standpoint.
15. Discuss the biological dimensions of gender and sexuality.
    1. Provide a general overview of the four stages of sex differentiation in mammals.
    2. Differentiate between biological sex, gender, gender expression and sexuality.
    3. Name the hormones involved in sex differentiation and the role they play in development.
    4. Discuss the influence of hormones and neurotransmitters on physical attraction and pair bonding.
16. Discuss the significance of somatic cell division (mitosis) as it relates to aging.
    1. Describe the cell cycle and the significance of mitosis.
    2. Discuss the Hayflick limit and the effect of telomere shortening on aging.
17. Discuss the significance of the cell cycle as it relates to cancer.
    1. Explain the consequences of the loss of control of the cell cycle.
    2. Discuss cancer on the cellular and molecular level.
    3. Differentiate between oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
    4. Discuss the pros and cons of different treatment options.
18. Discuss the role of HIV in the development of AIDS.
    1. List three modes of HIV transmission.
    2. Distinguish between HIV and AIDS.
    3. List several signs and symptoms associated with HIV/AIDS.Provide an overview of the basic life cycle of a retrovirus and discuss the challenge involved with vaccine development.
    4. Name the target cells and discuss the effect of HIV on the immune system.
    5. Discuss some of the social impact of the AIDS pandemic.
19. Demonstrate intellectual curiosity, critical thinking and deeper learning while exploring heredity and sexuality.
20.  Practice independent, intellectual curiosity.
    1. Complete at least one significant project which demonstrates higher level, academic rigor. 
21. Apply higher level, critical thinking skills to deepen understanding of course material. 
    1. Actively engage with peers in discussions, seminars, or other formats to enhance the depth of knowledge of the relevant material. 

BIO 203W - General Microbiology

1. Demonstrate understanding of scientific methods.
   1. Make and interpret observations.
   2. Formulate and test hypotheses.
   3. Conduct and evaluate experiments.
   4. Collect and analyze data.
   5. Interpret questions, statements, texts, theories, problems, points of view, symbols, and observations.
   6. Draw and assess conclusions.
   7. Report results.
   8. Apply microbiology concepts to real world applications.
2. Use resources appropriate to the discipline.
   1. Use word processing skills to prepare designated assignments.
   2. Use the library for searching and accessing information pertinent to class assignments.
   3. Use the Internet to transmit and receive e-mail and search topics pertinent to class assignments.
   4. Evaluate source and quality of information gathered through various search mechanisms for currency, appropriateness, and truthfulness.
   5. Use an appropriate style to cite and document sources.
3. Communicate in the language of the discipline.
   1. Gather information from a text, organize and integrate the information into a format that illustrates patterns, clusters, and hierarchies of information.
   2. Write for a specific audience and purpose and use writing tasks to promote learning. Produce a formal written report in the language of the discipline.
   3. Interact productively with others and use effective listening skills.
   4. Communicate using appropriate Microbiology terminology.
4. Use critical thinking skills.
   1. Interpret and integrate concepts and build on previously learned concepts.
   2. Reflect ethically and apply ethical decisions.
   3. Formulate solutions to problems.
   4. Draw logical conclusions based on data, evidence, theories, viewpoints, policies, and interpretations.
   5. Access, analyze, and use information to make predictions based on the evidence discovered.
   6. Identify, compare, and contrast trends and patterns.
   7. Distinguish between simple correlation and cause-and-effect.
5. Demonstrate teamwork skills.
   1. Show respect for others and value and respect differences.
   2. Work in organized groups to accomplish tasks.
   3. Meet deadlines determined by the instructor.
6. Demonstrate appropriate microbiology laboratory skills.
   1. List and describe safety precautions required in microbiology laboratories to protect workers.
   2. Understand the purpose of the current Exposure Control manual for Category-A students.
   3. Demonstrate proper aseptic techniques.
   4. Demonstrate proper hand washing, disinfectant procedures, and spill cleanup.
   5. Perform the proper use of Personal Protection Equipment (PPE).
   6. Select the correct use of laboratory equipment used for working with microorganisms.
   7. Identify the correct staining methods used to identify microorganisms.
   8. Perform the Gram Stain and interpret results.
   9. Develop proficiency in the use of the microscope in the laboratory including oil immersion.
   10. Understand the use of general media in the laboratory.
   11. Perform and evaluate the use of general biochemical tests in the laboratory.
   12. Describe how microorganisms are collected, inoculated, cultured, incubated, and autoclaved.
   13. Perform the correct inoculation techniques.
   14. Successfully isolate bacterial colonies using the streak plate technique.
   15. Perform and evaluate antibiotic sensitivity tests and identify antibiotic resistance on a Culture & Sensitivity (C & S) plate.
   16. Perform and evaluate water and food quality
   17. Apply the use of urinalysis in the laboratory.
   18. Perform the Serial Dilution and the Standard Plate Count and explain their technique, advantages, and disadvantages.
   19. Perform a specimen collection and evaluate how you must take into account aseptic technique, quantity needed, timing of administration, and correct material needed.
   20. Apply the scientific method and sequence of tests to identify an unknown bacterium.
7. Explain the major concepts of microorganisms.
   1. Explain how microorganisms are classified into major taxonomic categories.
   2. Explain the basis upon which the major types of microorganisms are classified.
   3. Identify the Genus and species of an organism using the binomial system of nomenclature.
   4. List the structural differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
   5. Identify the differences in the structure and general functional differences between of viruses, viroids, prions, archaea, bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi.
   6. Demonstrate that microorganisms are everywhere in the environment, including in and on your body.
   7. Describe the beneficial activities of microorganisms and the application of this understanding to benefit mankind.
   8. Describe the roles and importance of microbiology in food production, agriculture, industry, and the environment.
   9. Identify the six common shapes of bacterial cells as: coccus, bacillus, vibrio, coccobacillus, spirals (including spirillium and spirochetes), and pleomorphic.
   10. Identify the structure and function of bacteria components: cell wall, glycocalyx (capsule and slime layer), fimbriae, pili, flagella, plasmid, chromosome, and ribosome.
   11. Describe and illustrate the difference between gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.
   12. Describe the significance of endospore spore forming bacteria and identify endospore-forming bacteria.
   13. Diagram the cycle of the sporulation and germination.
   14. Describe the structure of the acid fast bacteria.
   15. Explain the microbial control precautions required for preventing exposure to endospore and acid fast bacteria in the healthcare field.
   16. Explain why mutations are significant.
   17. Explain the 3 possible outcomes a mutation may have on a protein.
   18. Explain the three gene transfer mechanisms.
   19. Describe and evaluate the various factors that are involved in the development of antibiotic resistance.
   20. Explain the role of cellular respiration in microbial metabolism.
   21. Explain the major metabolic pathways for microorganisms.
   22. Describe the environmental conditions that influence bacterial growth and predict the outcome if conditions are altered.
   23. Understand microorganisms utilize different energy sources for growth.
   24. Explain generation time and diagram and label the phases of the bacterial growth curve.
   25. Evaluate selective and differential media to determine nutritional, biochemical, and behavior differences between different microorganisms.
   26. Discuss emerging diseases.
   27. Discuss re-emerging diseases and understand why diseases are re-emerging.
   28. Define bloodborne pathogen.
   29. Discuss agents of bioterrorism.
   30. Explain how biotechnology impacts humans.
   31. Understand how the use of recombinant DNA technology is used to make beneficial products for humans.
   32. Understand the potential of STEM cells.
8. Explain how to control microbial growth.
   1. Define sterilization, disinfection, and antisepsis and list examples of each.
   2. Identify and evaluate physical control methods.
   3. Identify and evaluate chemical control methods.
   4. Discuss relative effectiveness of various disinfectants used against several common bacteria.
   5. Understand the characteristics of common antiseptic mode of action.
   6. Describe the situational use for autoclaving, dry heat sterilization, and chemical sterilization.
   7. Explain how environmental conditions influence the actions of antimicrobial agents.
   8. Identify the environmental factors which promote or inhibit microbial growth in foods.
   9. Explain the difference between food borne infection and food born intoxication and how control methods are employed.
   10. List and describe the mechanisms of action of major antibiotics that control microbial growth in the body.
9. Explain factors that contribute to disease.
   1. Explain the role of normal microbiota in maintaining health of the human body.
   2. Explain transient and resident microbiota.
   3. List areas of the healthy human body which should be sterile.
   4. Explain the Germ Theory of Disease and understand how the use of Koch’s postulates apply to this theory.
   5. Describe the relationship between the microbial load in the body and the stages of disease.
   6. Understand the factors in maintaining normal microbiota and how changes in these factors may result in opportunistic infections.
   7. Explain how virulence factors contribute to the pathogenicity of some microorganisms.
   8. List and explain the sequence of events that cause infection in the host.
   9.   List and explain the sequence of events that occur during the stages of disease, including clinical symptoms.
   10.   Describe the typical stages of the viral lytic cycle and the effects of viral a viral infection oh the host cell.
   11. Understand the differences between the lytic and lysogenic viral replication cycles.
   12. Understand viral host cell specificity.
   13. Explain the difference between an exotoxin and an endotoxin.
   14. Describe the events that must take place for an opportunistic pathogen to cause disease.
   15. Explain the use of antimicrobial therapy in treating infectious diseases.
10. Describe how the human immune system responds to infectious disease.
    1. List and describe the functional significance of the inflammatory response.
    2. Identify and illustrate the Innate (non-specific) and Adaptive (specific) mechanisms of host immunity.
    3. Explain the role of antigen presenting cells in immunity.
    4. Describe the role of complement.
    5. Describe the roles of passive immunity, active immunity, naturally acquired immunity, artificially acquired immunity.
    6. Compare and contrast primary and secondary responses.
    7. Illustrate and explain the operation of humoral immunity (antibody-mediated) and cell-mediated immunity.
    8. Explain how vaccination mimics the primary response.
    9. List the various forms of vaccines.
    10. Understand how abnormalities of the immune system can influence its effectiveness.

BIO 219 - Stream Ecology: Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Research

1. Work collaboratively with classmates.
   1. Participate in field activities with 1-3 classmates.
   2. Share the workload of small group activities.
   3. Share the responsibility of acquiring, cleaning and putting away laboratory and field equipment.
   4. Share ideas and respectfully receive the ideas of classmates.
2. Demonstrate the competent use of common instruments and technology used in environmental investigation.
   1. Use microscopes to view objects.
   2. Use the metric system and typical devices to measure mass, length, volume, and temperature.
   3. Follow directions provided with various kinds of scientific equipment.
   4. Use chemical tests and indicators to measure concentrations of specific chemicals.
3. Competently communicate about environmental topics.
   1. Read critically.
   2. Write effectively.
   3. Listen actively.
   4. Speak effectively.
   5. Develop and interpret graphs and flow charts.
   6. Compile a journal of observations and experiences related to field activities on rivers.
4. Demonstrate the ability to think critically.
   1. Integrate concepts.
   2. Solve problems.
   3. Draw logical conclusions.
   4. Make predictions based on experience.
   5. Identify trends and patterns.
   6. Distinguish between simple correlation and cause-and-effect.
5. Demonstrate appropriate preparation to participate in outdoor field activities involving sampling and characterizing a stream.
   1. Participate in field activities and use appropriate equipment to conduct the field activities.
   2. Demonstrate safe and appropriate behavior while conducting field activities.
   3. Use keys and resource books to identify organisms typically found in streams.
   4. Measure and characterize physical environmental characteristics of streams.
   5. Report the results of outdoor studies conducted during the class.
6. Describe how living organisms, non-living matter, and energy are interconnected.
   1. Identify the abiotic and biotic factors in an aquatic ecosystem.
   2. Describe the niche concept.
   3. Describe predator-prey, parasite-host, competitive, mutalistic, and commensalistic relationships observed in aquatic ecosystems.
   4. Describe the role of producer, herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, scavenger, parasite, and decomposer in an aquatic ecosystem.
   5. Describe energy flow in an aquatic ecosystem.
   6. Relate the concept of food web and food chain to trophic levels.
   7. Explain the cycling of nutrients, such as nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorous, through a stream ecosystem.
   8. Describe the process of natural selection as it operates to refine the fit between an organism and its stream habitat.
   9. Recognize that all organisms have an impact on their surroundings.
7. Compare streams of different quality.
   1. Identify organisms typically found in polluted streams and contrast them with organisms typical of unpolluted streams.
   2. Identify physical environmental conditions typical of polluted streams and contrast them with  environmental conditions typical of unpolluted streams.
   3. Relate biodiversity to stream quality.
   4. Identify macroinvertebrate organisms associated with specific physical and biological parameters within streams.
   5. Describe microhabitat preferences within macroinvertebrate species.
8. Characterize the abiotic and biotic characteristics of a stream.    
   1. Describe ways in which stream ecosystems differ from terrestrial ecosystems in terms of the dominant insect groups, the source of new organic matter, and the role of decomposers, herbivores, and carnivores.
   2. Describe how land use patterns influence the nature of a stream.
   3. Describe the role flow rate, oxygen concentration, substrate, temperature, clarity, and dissolved and suspended solids influence the kinds of organisms present.
   4. Describe methods used by various kinds of stream insects to capture food.
   5. Describe the life cycles of stream insects.
9. Prepare representative samples indicating macroinvertebrate site selection.
   1. Complete a project that characterizes and identifies life history and natural history, of selected macroinvertebrate organisms.

BIO 221 - Nature Study

1. Demonstrate an understanding of the scientific process and logical reasoning.
   1. Describe basic assumptions in science.
   2. Explain why correlation does not imply causation.
2. Develop a simple experimental design as a means of investigation and as a way of thinking critically.
   1. Formulate a clear and testable hypothesis.
   2. Design an experiment to test the hypothesis (includes experimental groups and control group).
   3. Identify all variables.
   4. Collect and analyze data.
   5. Discuss the results and draw conclusions.
   6. Share experience gained verbally and in journal form.
3. Communicate about biological and environmental topics.
   1. Successfully read a passage of text to gather and share information.
   2. Employ writing to communicate ideas appropriate to the discipline.
   3. Read, write and speak effectively about an environmental topic
   4. Compile a journal of activities and impressions obtained in outdoor settings while experiencing the flora and fauna of the multiple ecosystems.
4. Demonstrate the appropriate use of instruments and technology
   1. Practice the use of common field instruments and equipment.
   2. Practice the use of common laboratory instruments and equipment
   3. Practice appropriate techniques for collecting data and taking measurements in the field.
5. Demonstrate appropriate preparation to participate in indoor laboratory exercises and outdoor field activities.
   1. Participate in indoor laboratory activities
   2. Use appropriate equipment to conduct exercises.
   3. Participate in field activities
   4. Use appropriate equipment to conduct field activities.
   5. Demonstrate safe and appropriate behavior during indoor and outdoor exercises
   6. Use keys and resource books to identify organisms during indoor and outdoor exercises.
   7. Develop accurate observational skills.
6. Describe how living and nonliving factors interact in particular ecosystems.
   1. Identify abiotic and biotic factors in each ecosystem identified.
   2. Describe the niches and habitat concept
   3. Distinguish between a population, community and ecosystem
   4. List index species of all ecosystems studied
   5. Describe the energy flow through an ecosystem
   6. Explain the cycling of nutrients, such as nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus through an ecosystem.
   7. Describe the process of natural selection as it operates to adapt an organism to its habitat
   8. Recognize the role of all organisms to their environment
   9. Relate abiotic factors to kinds of organisms found in the community
7. Demonstrate an understanding of the principles of ecology and how they relate to the human community.
   1. Define an ecosystem.
   2. Describe the structure of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
   3. Explain how energy drives geochemical cycle of elements in an ecosystem.
   4. Describe pyramids of energy, biomass and numbers of an ecosystem.
   5. Explain the effects of human activities on ecosystems.
   6. Explain why precipitation and temperature and/or altitude can influence the type of biome existing in a given area.
   7. Identify the characteristics that vary between biomes and provide examples.
   8. Explain the competitive exclusion principle.
   9. Describe the process of succession and identify areas in various stages of succession.

BIO 230HW - Physical Anthropology and Archeology - Honors

1. Identify the scientific method as applied to the study of humanity’s biological and cultural development and to practice critical thinking using a scientific approach.
   1. Apply the scientific method to the study of human evolution and of archaeology.
   2. Differentiate physical anthropology and archaeology from other academic disciplines.
   3. Appreciate the applications of the knowledge of physical anthropology and of archaeology to the understanding of modern humanity and its origins.
   4. List the main contributions of influential physical anthropologists and archaeologists.
2. Employ the concepts of physical anthropology to describe and explain the general process of hominization as it is demonstrated by the fossil record.
   1. Identify and describe the major morphological and behavioral components of hominization.
   2. Apply the modern synthetic theory of evolution to explain the process of hominization.
   3. Differentiate between pongids and hominids and describe the uses of primatology in the interpretation of the morphology and behavior of fossil hominids.
   4. Distinguish among the Pliocene hominid genera and paleospecies and place them in the currently accepted hominid phylogeny.
   5. Distinguish among the Pleistocene hominid genera and paleospecies and place them in the currently accepted hominid phylogeny.
   6. Assess the multiregional paradigm and the replacement paradigm for modern human development.
   7. Compare and contrast the race paradigm with the view of modern anthropometry.
3. Employ the concepts of archaeology to describe and explain the general course of hominid technological and social development and its correlation with hominid biological evolution.
   1. Identify and describe the archaeological evidence of the Pliocene (including Lower Paleolithic).
   2. Describe the correlation of Pliocene archaeological evidence with hominid paleospecies and describe its contribution to our understanding of the hominization process.
   3. Identify and describe the archaeological evidence of the Pleistocene (including Lower, Middle, and Upper Paleolithic; Mesolithic and Neolithic).
   4. Describe the correlation of early and middle Pleistocene archaeological evidence with hominid paleospecies and describe its contribution to our understanding of the hominization process.
   5. Identify and describe the stages of prehistoric technological and social development of modern Homo sapiens and compare and contrast the course of that development for the Old World and the New World.
4. Use writing tasks to promote learning.
   1. Practice critical writing skills within the subject.
   2. Demonstrate knowledge of subject matter.
5. Practice intellectual curiosity and apply it in Independent ways to deepen understanding of course material.
   1. Complete at least one significant project, either individually or as a group depending on the instructor’s discretion, and work with the instructor to assure that the project demonstrates intellectual curiosity and academic rigor.
   2. Actively engage with peers in conversations, seminars, or in other formats at the instructor’s discretion to enhance the depth of knowledge of the relevant material.

BIO 230W - Physical Anthropology and Archaeology

1. Use a scientific approach to study humanity’s biological and cultural development. 
   1. Apply the scientific method to the study of human evolution and of archaeology.
   2. Differentiate physical anthropology and archaeology from other academic disciplines.
   3. Appreciate the applications of the knowledge of physical anthropology and of archaeology to the understanding of modern humanity and its origins.
   4. List the main contributions of influential physical anthropologists and archaeologists.
2. Explain the process of hominization through the fossil record.
   1. Identify and describe the major morphological and behavioral components of hominization.
   2. Apply the modern synthetic theory of evolution to explain the process of hominization.
   3. Differentiate between pongids and hominids and describe the uses of primatology in the interpretation of the morphology and behavior of fossil hominids.
   4. Distinguish among the Pliocene hominid genera and paleospecies and place them in the currently accepted hominid phylogeny.
   5. Distinguish among the Pleistocene hominid genera and paleospecies and place them in the currently accepted hominid phylogeny.
   6. Assess the multi-regional paradigm and the replacement paradigm for modern human development.
   7. Compare and contrast the race paradigm with the view of modern anthropometry.
3. Employ the correlation between the course of hominid development and hominid biological evolution.
   1. Identify and describe the archaeological evidence of the Pliocene (including Lower Paleolithic).
   2. Describe the correlation of Pliocene archaeological evidence with hominid paleospecies and describe its contribution to our understanding of the hominization process.
   3. Identify and describe the archaeological evidence of the Pleistocene (including Lower, Middle, and Upper Paleolithic; Mesolithic and Neolithic).
   4. Describe the correlation of early and middle Pleistocene archaeological evidence with hominid paleospecies and describe its contribution to our understanding of the hominization process.
   5. Identify and describe the stages of prehistoric technological and social development of modern Homo sapiens and compare and contrast the course of that development for the Old World and the New World.
4. Use writing tasks to promote learning.
   1. Practice critical writing skills within the subject.
   2. Demonstrate knowledge of subject matter.

BIO 240 - Human Anatomy

1. Develop an understanding of anatomy in the human body.    
   1. Define anatomy and describe various specialties of each discipline.
   2. Name (in order of increasing complexity) the different levels of structural organization that make up the human body, and explain their relationships.
   3. List the 11 organ systems of the body and briefly explain the major function(s) of each system.
   4. Describe at least two examples in the human body of form following function.
2. Speak effectively and accurately in the language of anatomy.
   1. Describe the anatomical position.
   2. Use correct anatomical terminology to describe body planes, body sections, body regions and relative positions.
   3. Identify the major body cavities and their subdivisions.
   4. Name the specific serous membranes.
   5. Name the nine regions or four quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity.
   6. Explain the common function of the serous membranes.
   7. Locate an organ in the correct abdominopelvic region or quadrant.
3. Will develop familiarity with the organs of the respiratory system and its functions.
   1. Identify the major components of the respiratory system.
   2. Identify the tissues that make up the major organs of the respiratory system.
   3. Locate the major components of the respiratory system.
   4. Identify the muscles involved with quiet respiration.
   5. Identify the muscles involved with forced respiration.
4. Develop familiarity with the microscopic anatomy of the respiratory system and the functions.
   1. Describe the tissue and cellular structures of the following: the respiratory bronchioles, the alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and the alveoli.
   2. Describe the structure of the respiratory membrane.
5. Become familiar with the gross anatomy of the urinary system.
   1. Identify and locate the organs of the urinary system.
   2. Describe the tissues and regions of the organs of the urinary system.
   3. Relate the function of each of the organs of the urinary system with the gross structure.
6. Become familiar with the microscopic features of the kidney, the ureter, and the bladder.
   1. Identify the cells that comprise the following portions of the major organs or the urinary system: i.e. nephron, collecting tubules, blood vessels, The student will be able to: pelvic region of kidney, smooth muscle of the bladder, mucous membrane of the ureter and bladder etc.
   2. Relate microscopic structure with function in the kidney, ureter, and bladder.
7. Develop an understanding of the anatomy of the lymphatic system.
   1. Define and compare lymph and chyle.
   2. Define lymph capillaries, vessels, ducts, and nodes.
   3. List the regional groupings of lymph nodes.
   4. List the three types of tonsils.
   5. Describe the anatomical differences of the lymph vessels and circulatory vessels.
   6. Describe how the anatomy of the capillaries, vessels, and nodes allow for their functional ability.
   7. Explain the function of a lymph node and relate this to its anatomy.
   8. Describe the different functional area served by each lymphatic duct.
8. Develop an understanding of the anatomy of the human digestive system
   1. List the layers of the digestive tract.
   2. Identify the major structures of the digestive tract and associated accessory organs.
   3. Discuss the function of the major structures of the digestive tract and associated accessor organs.
9. Develop an understanding of cardiac muscle tissue
   1. List the three types of muscle
   2. Define myogenic
   3. Define intercalated discs
   4. Compare the three types of muscle tissue
10. Develop an understanding of the anatomy of the heart
    1. Name the major vessels associated with the heart
    2. Name the chambers of the heart
    3. Name the layers of the heart wall
    4. Name the muscle arrangement in the chamber types of the heart
    5. Name the valves between the chambers
    6. Name the valves at the entry of the artery
    7. Describe the role of the major vessels
    8. Differentiate between L/R atria
    9. Differentiate between L/R ventricles
    10. Differentiate between atrioventricular and semilunar valves
    11. Define the role of the layers of the heart
11. Develop a knowledge of male reproductive anatomy
    1. List the structures of the male reproductive tract
    2. Define the function of the structures of the male tract
    3. Describe the route sperm take to reach the outside from the testes
    4. Describe the surface features of each area of the male tract
    5. Describe the divisions of the male urethra
    6. Describe the structure of the male penis
    7. Describe the contribution of each of the glands of the mail tract
    8. Explain the blood flow to the penis
    9. Describe the anatomy of the sperm
    10. Predict where sperm will accumulate if the rete testis is cut.
    11. Differentiate between secretion of the prostate vs the bulbourethral gland
    12. Design an experiment that would show the importance of the epididymis
12. Develop a knowledge of female reproductive anatomy
    1. List the structures of the female reproductive tract
    2. Define the function of the structures of the female tract
    3. Describe the anatomy of the egg
    4. Describe the changes of the ovary
    5. Describe the structure of the uterus
    6. Describe the female vulva and all of its components
    7. Describe the path of the egg from ovary to uterus
    8. Describe the surface features of each area of the female tract
    9. Compare and contrast the female clitoris to the male penis
    10. Design an experiment that would suggest the role of the coats of the egg
13. Develop an understanding of the major tissue types in the human body.
    1. Name, define and describe the four major types of tissue of the body and their roles.
14. Develop an understanding of the form and function of epithelial tissues.
    1. List the major characteristics of epithelial tissue.
    2. List the major functions of epithelial tissue.
    3. Name and describe the three “layering” arrangements (simple, pseudo stratified, stratified) of epithelial tissue.
    4. Name and describe the three “shape” categories (squamous, cuboidal, columnar) of epithelial tissue.
    5. Identify from microscopic views the following nine covering-lining epithelial tissues:
       1. Simple squamous
       2. Ciliated columnar
       3. Stratified columnar
       4. Stratified columnar
       5.  Transitional
       6.  Pseudo stratified
       7. Stratified squamous
       8. Simple cuboidal
       9. Stratified cuboidal
       10. Plain (simple) columnar
    6. Characterize by name, location, and function the following nine covering-lining epithelial tissues:
       1. Simple squamous
       2. Ciliated columnar
       3. Stratified columnar                            
       4. Stratified columnar
       5. Transitional
       6. Pseudo stratified
       7. Stratified squamous
       8. Simple cuboidal
       9. Stratified cuboidal
       10. Plain (simple) columnar
    7. Identify the three modifications of columnar cells.
    8. Explain the functions of the three modifications of columnar cells.
    9. Describe the relationship between form and function for each epithelial type.
    10. Distinguish endocrine from exocrine glands regarding structure and function
15. Develop an understanding of the form and function of connective tissue.
    1. List the major characteristics of connective tissue.
    2. List the major functions of connective tissue
    3. Identify from microscopic views the following connective tissue.
       1. loose, or areolar
       2. dense regular
       3. reticular
       4. elastic cartilage
       5. bone
       6. adipose
       7. elastic
       8. hyaline cartilage
       9. fibrocartilage
       10. blood
    4. List the matrix, function and location of the following connective tissue types:
       1. loose, or areolar
       2.  dense regular
       3. reticular
       4. elastic cartilage
       5. bone
       6. adipose
       7. elastic
       8. hyaline cartilage
       9. fibrocartilage
       10. blood
    5. Compare the structures and functions of the different types of connective tissues
16. Develop an understanding of the form and function of muscle tissue.
    1. List the major characteristics of muscle tissue.
    2. List the function of muscle tissue.
    3. Identify from microscopic views the following muscle tissues:skeletalsmoothcardiac
    4. List the function and location of the following muscle tissue types:skeletalsmoothcardiac
    5. Compare and contrast the special structural features of each type of muscle tissue.
17. Develop an understanding of the form and function of nervous tissue.
    1. Describe the characteristics of nervous tissue.
    2. Name the two major types of cells found in nervous tissue.
    3. Identify neurons from a microscopic view
18. Explain how epithelial tissue and connective tissues combine to form four different types of membranes and specify their functions.
    1. List the four different types of membranes.
    2. Identify the location of the four different types of membranes.
    3. Compare and contrast the function of each of the four different types of membranes.
19. Explain the role of the integumentary system as a functioning organ of the human body.
    1. Define integumentary system.
    2. List the structures that comprise the integumentary system.
    3. List and describe the functions of the skin, and specify how these functions are accomplished.
20. Develop an understanding of the structure and function of the epidermis.
    1. Identify the tissue type found in the epidermis.
    2. List the layers of the epidermis.
    3. Explain how the layers of the epidermis change over time.
    4. Describe the main structural features of the epidermis, and explain their functional significance.
    5. Explain what accounts for individual and racial differences in skin, such as skin color.
    6. Discuss the effects of ultraviolet radiation on the skin and the role played by melanocyte.
    7. Discuss the importance of Vitamin D production.
21. Describe the structure and functions of the dermis.
    1. Identify the layers of the dermis.
    2. List the tissue types found in the dermis.
    3. Discuss the significance of cleavage lines.
    4. Discuss the advantages provided by each tissue type found in the dermis.
22. Describe the structure and function of the subcutaneous layer.
    1. Identify the tissue types found in the subcutaneous layer.
    2. Identify the functions of the tissue types found in the subcutaneous layer.
    3. Predict the consequences of an absence of the subcutaneous layer.
23. Develop an understanding of the development, structure and function of the accessory structures of the Integumentary System.
    1. Identify the accessory structures of the Integumentary System.
    2. Identify the location of the different types of sudoriferous glands.
    3. Describe the anatomical structure of nails and how they are formed.
    4. Explain the mechanisms that determine hair color.
    5. Explain the growth and replacement of hair.
    6. Explain the functions of the glands in the skin.
24. Develop an understanding of homeostatic imbalances of the skin and the repair mechanism.
    1. Describe the sequential process by which the skin repairs itself after injury.
    2. Classify the three types of burns and list the systemic effects of each.
25. Develop an understanding between the components of the skeletal system and their functions.
    1. Identify the major components of the skeletal system.
    2. List the general features of a flat and a long bone.
    3. Define a fracture and list several types of fractures.
    4. Discuss the functions provided by components of the skeletal system.
    5. Compare and contrast compact and spongy bone tissue.
    6. Compare and contrast different types of fractures.
26. Describe how blood calcium levels and the skeletal system are intertwined physiologically.
    1. Differentiate between the functions of osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteoblasts.
    2. Compare and contrast intramembranous and endochondral ossification.
    3. Discuss several common forms of skeletal abnormalities (ex. Rickets, osteomalacia, steoporosis, osteomyelitis, etc.).
    4. Describe the sequence of events seen in fracture repair and discuss some of the factors  involved in length of time for repair.
27. Describe the general nomenclature associated with the human skeleton and apply that information to skeletal abnormalities.   
    1. Define the four principal types of bones in the skeleton.
    2. Describe the various markings on the surfaces of the bones.
    3. List the components of the axial and appendicular skeleton.
    4. Identify the bones of the skull and major markings associated with each.
    5. Identify the major sutures and fontanels of the skull.
    6. Identify the major foramina of the skull along with identification of structures that pass  through these openings.
    7. Identify the bones of the thorax and their principal markings.
    8. Identify the bones of the appendicular skeleton and their major markings.
    9. Relate the structure of the markings with their functions.
    10. Examine the normal spinal curvatures and relate to spinal abnormalities (ex: lordosis, kyphosis, and scoliosis).
    11. Discuss several of the disorders associated with the vertebral column (ex: spina bifida, kyphosis, lordosis and scoliosis).
    12. Compare the principal structural similarities and differences between the male and female human skeletons with particular emphasis on the pelves.
28. Develop an understanding of the form and function of joints in the human body.
    1. Define an articulation and identify the factors that determine the degree of movement at a joint.
    2. Classify the major types of joints found in the skeletal system and describe their functions.
    3. Compare and contrast the structure, type of movement, and location of fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.
    4. Compare and contrast the types of movement found in various synovial joints.
    5. Describe the causes, symptoms, and treatment for some of the common joint disorders, (ex:rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, gout, bursitis, dislocation and sprain, and tendinitis).
29. Develop an understanding of the relationship between the microscopic  anatomy and/or physiology of muscle tissues and their functions.
    1. List the characteristics and functions of muscle tissue.
    2. Compare the location, microscopic appearance, nervous control, and functions of the three  kinds of muscle tissue.
    3. Define fascia, epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, tendons, and aponeuroses and list their
    4. Identify the histological characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue.
    5. Contrast cardiac muscle tissue with skeletal and smooth muscle tissue.
    6. Explain the relationship of blood vessels and nerves to skeletal muscles.
30. Become proficient with specific skeletal muscle names and their relative function.
    1. Identify the principal skeletal muscles in different regions of the body by name, origin, insertion, action, and innervation.
    2. Define the criteria employed in naming skeletal muscles.
    3. Discuss most body movements as activities of groups of muscles by explaining the roles of  the prime mover, antagonist, and synergist.
    4. Describe the relationship between bones and skeletal muscles in producing body movements.
31. Develop an understanding of a functional overview of the nervous system.
    1. Identify the major anatomical and functional divisions.
    2. Identify receptors and effectors in the nervous system.
    3. Describe the characteristics of the major anatomical and functional divisions.
32. Develop an understanding of the structure and function of nervous tissue
    1. Sketch and label the structure of a typical neuron.
    2. Classify neurons on the basis of their structure and function.
    3. Describe the locations and functions of neuroglia in the nervous system.
    4. Describe the function of each component of a typical neuron.
    5. Predict the outcome when the following situations are encountered; demyelination of a neuron; cellular divisions of abnormal glial cells.
    6. Describe the process of nerve regeneration.
33. Develop an understanding of the gross anatomy and function of the spinal cord and sensory and motor pathways.
    1. Label/identify the following gross anatomical features of the spinal cord: conus medullaris, filum terminale, dorsal root ganglia, dorsal roots, ventral roots, spinal nerve, cauda equina.
    2. Identify important structures in a cross-section of the spinal cord.
    3.  Identify the receptors for general senses.
    4. Describe the major components of a spinal nerve.
    5. Describe the three meningeal layers that surround the central nervous system.
    6. Describe the various plexuses of spinal nerves and the areas innervated.
    7. Explain the roles of white matter and gray matter in processing and relaying sensory information and motor commands.
    8. Describe the process of a neural reflex.
    9. Explain how pain is perceived.
    10. Distinguish between sensation and perception.
34. Develop an understanding of the structure and function of the human brain.
    1. Name the major regions of the brain and describe their functions.
    2. Name the ventricles of the brain, and describe their locations and the connections between them.
    3. Identify major regions and landmarks of the brain.
    4. Identify the meninges of the brain and describe their functions.
    5. Identify the lobes of the cerebrum and describe their functions.
    6. List/identify the 12 pairs of cranial nerves and state a function of each.
    7. Trace cerebrospinal fluid from its formation in the choroid plexus until reabsorption in the venous sinuses.
    8. Explain the function and importance of the blood-brain barrier.
35. Develop an understanding of the autonomic nervous system.
    1. Identify the two classes of sympathetic receptors.
    2. Identify the two different types of Ach receptors.
    3. Compare the function of the autonomic nervous system with other divisions of the nervous system.
    4. Compare and contrast the structures and functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Include:
       1. transmitters
       2. pre and post ganglionic fibers
       3. effects of stimulation on various organs
       4. cholinergic and adrenergic receptors
    5. Discuss the relationship between the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system and the significance of dual innervation.
    6. When given a short case history and access to resource materials, determine how the autonomic nervous system function can be modified by drugs.
    7. Discuss the relationship between the ANS and the hypothalamus.Explain and diagram in detail one (ascending) somatosensory pathway and one (descending) motor spinal pathway.
    8. When given a short case history and access to resource materials, determine which nerve is involved in a clinical application case history.

BIO 241 - Physiology

1. Demonstrate an understanding of homeostasis and system integration.
   1. Define homeostasis
   2. Identify the stimulus, the mechanism and the response in a feedback system.
   3. Define negative feedback and describe its role in maintaining body homeostasis.
   4. Define positive feedback and explain why it usually causes homeostatic imbalance. Also note specific situations in which it contributes to homeostasis, or normal body function.
   5. Explain the significance of homeostasis for living systems.
   6. Describe how positive and negative feedback are involved in homeostatic regulation.
   7. Apply the stimulus-mechanism-response model to at least two specific homeostatic disruptions (example: increase in blood calcium levels; increase in body temperature)
2.   Demonstrate an understanding of the relationship between anatomy and physiology in the human body.
   1. Define physiology and describe various specialties of each discipline.
   2. Name (in order of increasing complexity) the different levels of structural organization that make up the human body, and explain their relationships.
   3. List the 11 organ systems of the body and briefly explain the major function(s) of each system.
   4. Describe at least two examples in the human body of form following function.
3. Demonstrate familiarity with the organs of the respiratory system and its functions.
   1. Discuss the functions of the major components of the respiratory system.
   2. Discuss relationship between movement of diaphragm and the volume of thoracic cavity.
   3. Discuss relationship between movement of external intercostal and the volume of thoracic cavity.
   4. Discuss relationship between movement of internal and external intercostals and rectus abdominis and the volume of the thoracic cavity.
   5. Describe the effects on the pleural cavity and lung function as result of pneumothorax.
   6. Explain the way in which sounds are produced by the vocal cords
4. Demonstrate familiarity with the microscopic anatomy of the respiratory system and the functions.
   1. Explain the relationship between the capillary bed and the alveolus.
   2. Explain the function of the ciliated pseudostratified epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract as it relates to serving as a mechanical barrier to antigens and particulate matter in the air.
5. Demonstrate an understanding of the nervous system structures that control the respiratory cycle.
   1. Describe the regions of the medulla and pons that control respirations.
   2. Describe the locations of the chemoreceptors that provide sensory information relative to respiratory control.
   3. Describe the locations of the stretch receptors that provide information relative to respiratory control.
   4. Describe the ANS pathways that connect the sensory data relative to respiratory control to the effector or motor responses on the muscles of respiration.
   5. Explain why an individual can suffer major damage to the cerebral cortex and yet still manage to continue living.
   6. Explain the Hering-Breuer reflex as it relates to prevention of over-inflation of the lungs.
6. Describe how blood calcium levels and the skeletal system are intertwined physiologically.
   1. Integrate how changes in common environmental variables will affect homeostasis of blood calcium levels.
   2. Describe how changes in the hormones used in bone resorption and/or calcification (ex GH, T3 and T4, parahormone, calcitonin, and androgens) can affect the skeletal system
7. Demonstrate an understanding of the relationship between the microscopic anatomy and/or physiology of muscle tissues and their functions.
   1. List the characteristics and functions of muscle tissue.
   2. Compare the location, microscopic appearance, nervous control, and functions of the three kinds of muscle tissue.
   3. Define fascia, epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, tendons, and aponeuroses and list their modes of attachment to muscles.
   4. Identify the histological characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue.
   5. Contrast cardiac

BIO 268 - International Studies in Biology

1. Prepare to travel to a foreign country.
   1. Assemble and pack clothing and personal care items in a lightweight, efficient manner.
   2. Obtain appropriate passports and visas.
2. Work collaboratively with classmates.
   1. Participate in travel and field activities with classmates.
   2. Share the work load of small group activities.
   3. Share ideas and respectfully receive the ideas of classmates.
3. Competently communicate about the course material.
   1. Read critically.
   2. Write effectively.
   3. Listen actively.
   4. Speak effectively.
   5. Compile a journal of observations and experiences.
4. Demonstrate the ability to think critically.
   1. Integrate concepts.
   2. Solve problems.
   3. Draw logical conclusions.
   4. Make predictions based on evidence.
   5. Identify trends and patterns.
   6. Distinguish between simple correlation and cause-and-effect.
5. Describe important historical events in the development of a foreign country and their effect on political and economic development.
   1. Recognize any historical ties between U.S. and other countries.
   2. Describe any changes that may have occurred in international trade between the U.S. and this foreign country(s) based on environmental issues such as climate change and global economics.
6. Compare the kinds of plants and animals found in specific foreign countries with those found in the United States.
   1. Describe the unique nature of the flora and fauna of the area and the geophysical and climatological forces that contributed to their uniqueness.
   2. Recognize the unique conditions that resulted in the environmental development of the area.
7. Describe the major geographic features of a foreign country(s) and how they relate to the climate.
   1. Describe the biomes of the country(s).
   2. Describe any regional differences within specific countries.
   3. Compare the climate of the area and describe how this affects the vegetation and animal life adaptation.
8. Describe important features of the culture of aboriginal inhabitants for specific countries.
   1. Recognize that there may be individual cultures among the aboriginal people.
   2. Describe how the aboriginal people were influenced by their environment and how this may have affected the biota of the country as well as the current environmental conditions.
9. Methods of Assessment:
   1. Pre-trip research of one native’s natural history and resulting oral and written presentation.
   2. Evaluation of student’s daily journal kept during their travel experience.
   3. Take home essay final exam based on outcomes and objectives.

BIO 271 - Genetics

1. Describe advances societies’ increased control over genetic characteristics of species due to advances in the field of genetics.
   1. Describe how transmission genetics allows society to select for specific traits in agricultural products.
   2. Describe how advances in molecular biology has led to the development of recombinant DNA technology and analysis.
   3. Describe how biotechnology has allowed for a more rapid manipulation and control over the genetic traits of organisms.
   4. Describe how population biology explains the persistence of genetic disease, trends in evolution and how these phenomena interface with society’s ability to control the genetic characteristics of organisms.
2. Apply knowledge of nucleic acids to the storage of genetic information and protein synthesis.
   1. Critically evaluate early studies that led to the characterization of nucleic acid structure, function and replication.
   2. Compare and contrast the structures and functions of DNA and various types of RNA.
   3. Compare and contrast transcription, translation and DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
   4. Use the DNA to predict the primary structure of proteins and how mutations will affect this structure.
   5. Describe the processes of cellular DNA repair.
   6. Describe cellular strategies used to regulate the processes of DNA replication, transcription and translation to control gene expression in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
   7. Describe the biochemical connection between genotype and phenotype.
3. Apply replication-cycles of viruses and related genetic elements to understand how they serve as genetic vectors.    
   1. Describe viral life-cycles and strategies for replication of viral genetic information.
   2. Describe how genetic engineering vectors are derived from viruses.
   3. Describe how genetic vectors can be used to create mutations and maps.
   4. Describe the behavior of transposable elements in bacteria and eukaryotic cells.
   5. Describe how viruses and related genetic elements serve as genetic vectors.
4. Apply knowledge of chromosome structure to the transmission of genetic information and occurrence of genetic anomalies.
   1. Describe the enzymatic basis of genetic recombination in eukaryotic cells.
   2. Describe the level of DNA packaging in chromosomes and how this relates to gene expression.
   3. Describe the chromosomal structures and their functions.
   4. Describe a variety of chromosomal rearrangements, detection methods and predictions regarding chromosomal stability in light of cellular recombination.
5. Apply knowledge of ploidy and karyotype to describe a cell’s compliment of genetic information.    
   1. Accurately use the terms haploid, diploid, triploid, polyploid, aneuploidy and trisomic.
   2. Accurately use the terms sex chromosome and autosome.
   3. Accurately use the terms homologous chromosome, sister chromosomes and chromatid.
6. Apply principles of mitosis or meiosis to predict the transmission of genetic information to daughter cells.
   1. Accurately describe mitosis and meiosis by using stage names and correlating key events for each stage.
   2. Describe chromosome behavior during mitosis and meiosis.
   3. Calculate copy number (C) and ploidy number (N) for various stages of the cell cycle.
   4. Describe sources of genetic diversity in meiosis.
7. Analyze outcomes of genetic crosses using Mendelian genetics.
   1. Apply principles of probability.
   2. Apply goodness-of-fit tests to test hypothesis.
   3. Apply a variety of interactions between alleles and genes to explain outcomes of genetic crosses.
   4. Develop and analyze pedigrees using appropriate notation methods.
8. Analyze outcomes of genetic crosses using linkage analysis.
   1. Analyze inheritance of sex-linked traits.
   2. Use 3-point test crosses to create recombination maps of chromosomes and define linkage groups.
   3. Map the locations of centromeres.
9. Explain gene regulation strategies used in embryonic development, determination, and differentiation.
   1. Distinguish between determination and differentiation and how these concepts relate to stem cells.
   2. Describe early decisions and mechanisms that lead to the development of body plan.
10. Describe behavioral genetics.
    1. Explore the genetics of autism, addiction, mood disorders, intelligence, sleep and schizophrenia.
    2. Describe the types of questions addressed by this field.
    3. Describe the history of behavioral genetics.
11. Apply theories associated with population genetics to explain observations.   
    1. Calculate allele frequencies and genotypic frequencies based on the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.
    2. Identify which conditions affect the genetic equilibrium of a population – such as natural selection, genetic drift, migration, nonrandom mating and mutations.
12. Demonstrate an understanding of techniques used in the field of biotechnology.
    1. Explain how biotechnology affects humans.
    2. Explain the theory and application of recombinant DNA techniques.
    3. Explain the theory and application of electrophoresis.
    4. Explain the theory and application of hybridization techniques.
    5. Explain the theory and application of screening molecular libraries.
    6. Explain strategies used to characterize and analyze genomes.

BIO 274 - Introduction to Biotechnology

1. Competently communicate in the language of the discipline.
   1. Read critically
   2. Write effectively
   3. Listen actively
   4. Speak effectively
2. Demonstrate the ability to think critically.
   1. Integrate concepts
   2. Solve problems
   3. Draw logical conclusions
   4. Make predictions based on evidence
   5. Identify trends and patterns
   6. Distinguish between simple correlation and cause-and-effect
3. Make use of various information resources for current and continued learning purposes.
   1. Use the library to access information using a variety of computer data bases and/or indexes
   2. Distinguish between the scientific literature and general information sources
   3. Recognize the differences between various types of scientific journals
   4. Use computers for access to the Internet and to self-directed tutorials and simulations
   5. Use reference manuals specific to the discipline
   6. Use instructional compact disc, videos and/or films
4. Identify and discuss the key techniques that were critical to development of the field of biotechnology.
   1. Discuss the strategies and applications of radioactive labeling, X-ray crystallography, chromatography, centrification, and cell fractionation in molecular research.
   2. Discuss the strategies and applications of restriction enzymes, ligation, vectors, transformation, electrophoresis, Southern Blotting, and genomic libraries in biotechnology.
   3. Discuss the importance of physical and conceptual model building and the use of model organisms in molecular biology.
5. Discuss the organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes.
   1. Compare and contrast: the size and organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes  plus methods of replication, transcription, translation and RNA processing.
   2. Differentiate between transposons, junk DNA, multigene families, homeotic genes and single copy genes.
   3. Identify promoters, enhancers, introns and exons.
6. Identify key mechanisms of gene regulation in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
   1. Label the components of an operon and discuss the difference between inducible and repressible operons.
   2. List examples of transcriptional, post-transcriptional, transnational and post-transnational control of gene expression in eukaryotic systems.
7. Describe the process of cloning a gene and discuss relevant questions that can be pursued once the gene is cloned.
   1. Identify the sequential use of key techniques and the underlying chemical principles that are used when cloning a gene.
   2. Correctly apply the following techniques and their underlying concepts to the process of characterizing DNA: isolation of genomic and plasmid DNA, restriction digests, creating and screening libraries, Southern blots, dideographies-DNA sequencing, and PCR.
   3. Correctly apply the following techniques and their underlying concepts to the process of characterizing RNA: mRNA isolation techniques, Northern Blots, creating and screening cDNA libraries.
   4. Correctly apply the following techniques and their underlying concepts to the process of characterizing proteins: expression vectors, RNA processing, monoclonal antibodies & ELISA&nbsp; plus protein purification via SDA-PAGE or chromatography.
   5. Identify relevant questions that can be asked of an experimental system using a cloned gene.
   6. Comparison of DNA and protein sequence
   7. Identification of homologous DNA or amino acid sequences
   8. Significance of evolutionarily conserved sequences
   9. Subcloning Experiments
   10. In vivo and in vitro expression experiments
   11. Use of transgenic systems
8. Identify the importance of model systems in research.
   1. Compare and contrast advantages and disadvantages of using different model systems such as: Phage, E. Coli, Arabidopsis thalinia, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces pompe, C. Elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, Sea Urchins, Xenopus genus, Zebra fish, Musmusculans.
9. Identify and discuss current advances in cell and molecular biology stemming from basic research involving DNA technology.
   1. Discuss cell signaling, signal transduction and control of the cell cycle.
   2. Discuss proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes and their role in cancer.
   3. Discuss current advances in our understanding of development and immunology.
10. Identify practical applications of biotechnology.
    1. Discuss the basic biology and bioethical implications raised by the following technologies:
       1. HUGO and its current and potential impact on biotechnology, the medical field and society
       2. Recombinant DNA products and pharmaceuticals
       3. Gene therapy
       4. RFLP analysis of genetic disease
       5. DNA fingerprinting
       6. Transgenic organisms
       7. Cloning and organ tissue engineering

BIO 280 - Pathophysiology

Credits: 4
Instructional Contact Hours: 4

1. Demonstrate the understanding of general processes in pathophysiology.

1. Explain the role of pathophysiology in disease progression.
2. Describe Meiosis alterations.
3. Describe Genetic disorders.
4. Describe common cellular adaptations and possible reasons for the occurrence of each.
5. Explain common causes of cell damage.
6. Describe Apoptosis and Necrosis and the types of Necrosis.
7. Describe the cellular stress response.
8. Describe precancerous cellular changes.
9. Describe initiation, progression, and transformation of cancerous cells.
10. Explain the unique features of a cancer cell.
11. Describe the causes and effects of dehydration.
12. Describe the causes and effects of electrolyte imbalance.
13. Describe metabolic and respiratory acidosis and alkalosis.
14. Describe the causes and the compensation reactions in respiratory and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.

2. Demonstrate the understanding of healing.

1. Explain the role of normal defenses in preventing diseases.
2. Describe capillary-tissue exchange during the inflammatory response.
3. Describe the steps involved with the inflammatory response.
4. Describe the types of healing and list the factors that affect healing.
5. Describe the local and systemic effects of inflammation.
6. Explain the effects of chronic inflammation.
7. Identify the classification of burns.

3. Demonstrate the understanding of immunity disorders.

1. Describe the four types of hypersensitivity reactions.
2. Describe Alloimmunity.
3. Compare tissue transplant rejection and graft-vs-host disease.
4. Describe immunodeficiency.
5. Describe causative agents of infections.

4. Demonstrate the understanding of neurological disorders.

1. Explain the causes of pain and describe the pain pathway.
2. Compare acute and chronic pain.
3. Explain Arousal and Consciousness and how injury affects these conditions.
4. Describe cerebrovascular disorders.
5. Describe infections of the CNS.
6. Describe CNS and spinal cord trauma.
7. Describe congenital neurological disorders.
8. Describe a seizure and the types of seizures.
9. Describe chronic degenerative diseases.
10. Describe motor function diseases.
11. Describe dementia.

5. Demonstrate the understanding of endocrine disorders.

1. Explain the mechanism of hormonal regulation by negative feedback mechanism under normal and abnormal conditions.
2. Describe alterations in hormone concentration, target cell reception, and responses.
3. Describe pituitary hormone disorders.
4. Describe type 1 type 2 diabetes mellitus.
5. Describe Parathyroid disorders.
6. Describe Thyroid disorders.
7. Describe Adrenal disorders.

6. Demonstrate the understanding of blood disorders.

1. Describe the types of anemia.
2. Describe polycythemia.
3. Describe excessive bleeding and Hemophilia.
4. Describe blood clotting disorders and DIC.
5. Describe lymphadenopathy.
6. Describe infectious mononucleosis.
7. Describe acute and chronic leukemia.
8. Describe Hodgkin’s and Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas.

7. Demonstrate the understanding of cardiovascular system disorders.

1. Describe coronary artery disease.
2. Describe angina pectoris and myocardial infarction.
3. Describe atherosclerosis.
4. Describe arrhythmias.
5. Describe heart valve disorders.
6. Describe congestive heart failure and the effects of left-sided vs. right-sided failure.
7. Describe rheumatic heart disease, endocarditis, and pericarditis.
8. Describe congenital heart diseases.
9. Describe hypertension.
10. Describe peripheral vascular diseases.
11. Describe shock.

8. Demonstrate the understanding of digestive system disorders.

1. List common manifestations of digestive system disorders.
2. List and describe common symptoms of digestive system disorders.
3. Describe motility disorders.
4. Describe gastritis and gastroenteritis.
5. Describe peptic ulcers.
6. Describe digestive obstruction.
7. Describe celiac disease.
8. Describe Crohn’s disease
9. Describe ulcerative colitis.
10. Describe diverticulosis.
11. Describe portal hypertension, jaundice, hepatitis, and cirrhosis.

9. Demonstrate the understanding of respiratory system disorders.

1. List and describe common symptoms of respiratory system disorders.
2. Describe common respiratory tract infections.
3. Describe ventilation vs. perfusion.
4. Describe restrictive lung diseases.
5. Describe obstructive lung diseases.
6. Compare obstructive from restrictive lung disorders.
7. Describe Asthma, Chronic Bronchitis, and Emphysema.
8. Describe pulmonary edema.
9. Describe atelectasis.
10. Describe pneumothorax.
11. Describe pneumoconiosis.
12. Describe chest wall injuries.
13. Describe respiratory distress syndrome.
14. Describe acute respiratory failure.

10. Demonstrate the understanding of urinary system disorders.

1. List main diagnostic tests to recognize urinary disorders.
2. List and describe common symptoms of urinary system disorders.
3. Describe urinary tract obstruction.
4. Describe urinary tract infection.
5. Describe PID, Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Syphilis, and Herpes.
6. Describe incontinence and list examples of causes of incontinence.
7. Describe cystitis and pyelonephritis.
8. Describe glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome.
9. Describe vascular disorders of the kidney.
10. Describe acute vs. chronic renal failure.

BIO 290-299 - Special Projects in Biology

CNA 100LW - Certified Nursing Assistant Lab

1. Provide quality services to residents in long-term care, home care, and acute care facilities.
   1. Form a relationship, communicate, and interact competently on a one-to-one basis with the residents (clients/patients).
   2. Demonstrate sensitivity to residents’ emotional, social, and mental health needs through skillfully directed interactions.
   3. Assist residents in attaining and maintaining functional independence.
   4. Exhibit behavior in support and promotion of residents’ rights.
   5. Demonstrate observational and documentation skills needed in the assessment of residents’ health, physical condition, and well-being.
2. Demonstrate competency in basic nursing skills, personal care skills, mental health and social service needs, care of cognitively impaired residents, basic restorative services, and resident rights.
   1. Practice and demonstrate basic and personal care skills.
   2. Identify mental health and social service needs.
   3. Provide care to residents with mental and physical impairments.
   4. Demonstrate effective communication techniques and recognition of residents’ rights.

CNA 100W - Certified Nursing Assistant Training

1. Provide quality services to residents in long-term care, home care, and acute care facilities.
   1. Form a relationship, communicate, and interact competently on a one-to-one basis with the residents (clients/patients).
   2. Demonstrate sensitivity to residents’ emotional, social, and mental health needs through skillfully directed interactions.
   3. Assist residents in attaining and maintaining functional independence.
   4. Exhibit behavior in support and promotion of residents’ rights.
   5. Demonstrate observational and documentation skills needed in the assessment of residents’ health, physical condition, and well-being.

CNA 290-299 - Special Projects in Certified Nursing Assistant

CPI 110 - Introduction To Chemical Process Industries