DH 118 - Head and Neck Anatomy

1. Apply anatomical terms.
   1. Correctly define and apply anatomical terms.
   2. Compare and contrast superior (cranial), inferior (caudal), superficial, and deep.
   3. Compare and contrast proximal, distal, anterior (ventral), posterior (dorsal), lateral, and medial.
   4. Compare and contrast external, internal, ipsilateral, and contralateral.
   5. Compare and contrast: midsagittal plane/median, sagittal plane, transverse plane, horizontal, and coronal plane.
   6. Define the following terms: cross section and articulation.
   7. Define and differentiate between systematic and regional views and approaches to the study of anatomy.
2. Describe features of the head and neck.
   1. Compare and contrast the oral regions: vermillion zone, vermillion border, philtrum, tubercle of the upper lip, and labial commissure.
   2. Compare and contrast the terms: lingual, palatal, facial, buccal, and labial.
   3. Compare and contrast the terms: labial mucosa, buccal mucosa, vestibules, labial frenum, parotid papilla, alveolar mucosa, and mucobuccal fold.
   4. Compare and contrast the gingival tissue: gingiva, marginal gingiva, attached gingiva, interdental gingiva, sulcus, and mucogingival junction.
   5. Compare and contrast the areas of the palate: hard and soft palate, uvula, median palatine raphe, incisive papilla, and palatine rugae.
   6. Define and locate the maxillary tuberosity and retro molar area.
   7. Identify and describe the areas of the tongue: base, body, apex, lingual papillae, dorsal surface, ventral surface, and deep lingual veins.
   8. Compare and contrast the papillae: filiform lingual, fungiform lingual, and circumvallate lingual.
   9. Differentiate between the sulcus terminalis, lingual sulcus, and the foramen cecum.
   10. Identify and describe the lingual tonsil.
   11. Differentiate the anatomy on the floor of the mouth: lingual frenum, sublingual fold, and sublingual caruncle.
   12. Compare and contrast the pharynx, nasopharynx, and oropharynx.
   13. Compare and contrast the anterior tonsillar pillar, posterior tonsillar pillar and palatine tonsils.
3. Identify features of the skull.
   1. Define the skeletal system and list its primary functions.
   2. Define and identify, haversian canal, canaleculi, and lacunae using a histological section of bone, slide, or drawing.
   3. Compare and contrast an osteocyte, osteoclast and osteoblast in terms of their function and location.
   4. Define and give an example of each of the bone markings: fossa, sinus, foramen, meatus, fontanel, condyle, tuberosity, spine, tubercle, process and suture. 
   5. Identify and describe the function of the Atlas C1 and the Axis C2 vertebra.
   6. Define and identify on a skull, model, or diagram, the following sutures: coronal, sagittal, and lambdoidal.
   7. Identify, compare and contrast the bones of the skull: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid and ethmoid.
   8. Identify, compare and contrast the bones of the skull: nasal, vomer, superior concha, middle concha, inferior concha, lacrimal, maxilla, zygomatic, palatine and mandible.
   9. Identify, compare and contrast the following foramen, canals, or openings: mental and mandibular (foramen and canals)
   10. Identify, compare and contrast the following foramen, canals, or openings: Infraorbital (foramen and canal) and Optic
   11. Identify, compare and contrast the following foramen, canals, or openings: Foramen Magnum, Carotid, and Jugular
   12. Identify, compare and contrast the following foramen, canals, or openings: External Auditory Meatus and Internal Auditory Meatus
   13. Identify, compare and contrast the following foramen, canals, or openings: rotundum, and ovale.
   14. Identify, compare and contrast the following foramen, canals, or openings: spinosum, optic fissure, supraorbital, nasopalatine, incisive, hypoglossal canal.
   15. Identify, compare and contrast the following foramen, canals, or openings: superior orbital fissure and inferior orbital fissure.
   16. Identify, compare and contrast the following foramen, canals, or openings: greater palatine and lesser palatine.
   17. Identify, compare and contrast the following foramen, canals, or openings: cecum, posterior superior alveolar (PSA) and transverse.
   18. Identify, compare and contrast the landmarks on the frontal bone: supraorbital ridge, orbital plate, and glabella.
   19. Identify, compare and contrast the landmarks on the occipital bone: basilar process, and occipital condyles.
   20. Identify, compare and contrast the landmarks on the temporal bone: zygomatic process, glenoid fossa, styloid process, mastoid process, articular tubercle/eminence, and mastoid notch, digastric notch.
   21. Identify, compare and contrast the landmarks on the sphenoid bone: lesser wings, greater wings, sella turcica, pterygoid fossa, hamulus, and medial and lateral pterygoid plates.
   22. Identify the nasal bones including the ethmoid, vomer, septum, and conchae.
   23. Identify, compare and contrast the landmarks on the lacrimal bone: lacrimal groove and fossa, and nasolacrimal duct.
   24. Identify, compare and contrast the landmarks on the ethmoid bone: perpendicular plate, cribriform plate, nasal conchae, crista galli, ethmoid cells, and orbital plate.
   25. Identify the zygomatic arch and compare and contrast the landmarks on the zygomatic arch: temporal process, maxillary process, and frontal process.
   26. Identify, compare and contrast the landmarks on the maxilla: palatine process, alveolar process, zygomatic process, frontal process, maxillary tuberosity, canine fossa and canine eminence, infraorbital groove, orbital plate, and incisive suture.
   27. Identify, compare and contrast the landmarks on the palatine process: horizontal plates, vertical plates, transverse suture, and median palatine suture.
   28. Identify, compare and contrast the landmarks on the mandible: mental protuberance, mandibular symphysis, body of mandible, mandibular angle, ramus, condyle, neck of condyle, pterygoid fovea, coronoid process, and coronoid notch,  external oblique line, alveolar process, buccal shelf, retromolar triangle and fossa, interdental septa, genial tubercles, digastric fossa, mylohyoid line, lingula submandibular fossa and sublingual fossa.
   29. Identify, compare and contrast the external skull regions: temporal fossa, infratemporal fossa, and pterygopalatine fossa.
   30. Define and locate the following sinuses: maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, and mastoid.
   31. Define and identify the following venous sinuses: sigmoid and superior sagittal.
   32. Define and identify the location of the following specialized bones of the skull/neck: auditory ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes, sutural (Wormian), and hyoid.
   33. Draw, label and describe the temporomandibular joint.
   34. Identify all the bones that form the following: hard palate, nasal cavity, and the orbit.
   35. Define superior temporal line, inferior temporal line, and foramen lacerum.
   36. Locate and identify on a model the foramen landmarks used to determine the local anesthetic injection sites.
4. Demonstrate understanding of the muscles of the head and neck. 
   1. Compare and contrast tendons and ligament related to skeletal muscles.
   2. Compare and contrast antagonist and synergist related to skeletal muscles.
   3. Compare and contrast origin and insertion related to skeletal muscles.
   4. Define the following terms: aponeuroses, fascia, raphe, sphincter related to skeletal muscles.
   5. Identify the origin, insertion, action(s), major innervation and vascularization of the muscles of mastication: masseter, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoids.
   6. Identify the origin, insertion, action(s), major innervation and vascularization of the muscles: sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, and platysma.
   7. Identify the origin, insertion, action(s), major innervation and vascularization of the infrahyoid muscles:  sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, omohyoid superior belly and inferior belly.
   8. Identify the origin, insertion, action(s), major innervation and  vascularization of the suprahyoid muscles: digastric anterior and posterior belly, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylohyoid.
   9. Identify the origin, insertion, action(s), major innervation and vascularization of the facial muscles: orbicularis oculi, procerus, nasalis
   10. Identify the origin, insertion, action(s), major innervation and vascularization of the mouth muscles:  orbicularis oris, levator labisuperiorus, alaeque nasi, levator labi superioris, levator anguli oris, zygomaticus major and minor, buccinator, risorius, depressor anguli oris, depressor labi inferioris, mentalis, platysma.
   11. Identify the origin, insertion, action(s), major innervation and vascularization of the epicranial muscles: frontalis and occipitalis.
   12. Identify the origin, insertion, action(s), major innervation and vascularization of the intrinsic  muscles of the tongue:  superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse and verticalis.
   13. Identify the origin, insertion, action(s), major innervation and vascularization of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue:  genioglossus, hypoglossus, styloglossus.
   14. Identify the origin, insertion, action(s), major innervation and vascularization of the soft palate muscles: tensor veli palatine, levator veli palatine, uvula, and palatoglossus.
5. Demonstrate understanding of the arterial branches of the external and internal carotids.
   1. Identify the external carotid artery and each of its branches on a model or diagram.
   2. Compare and contrast the location and the structures supplied by the superior thyroid artery, ascending pharyngeal artery, and lingual artery.
   3. Compare and contrast the location and the structures supplied by the occipital artery, posterior auricular artery, and superficial temporal artery.
   4. Compare and contrast the location and the structures supplied by the facial (external maxillary) artery and the maxillary (internal maxillary) artery.
   5. Identify on a model or diagram the branches of the Facial Artery.
   6. Compare and contrast the location and the structures supplied by the submental, submandibular and sublingual artery.
   7. Compare and contrast the location and the structures supplied by the inferior labial, superior labial, lateral nasal and angular artery.
   8. Identify on a model the branches of the facial artery.
6. Identify all the veins that drain blood from the head and neck region, both internally and externally, to the heart.
   1. Identify and locate on a diagram the pathways of the internal jugular vein and facial vein as well as the location of the cavernous sinus.
   2. Identify on a diagram or model the external veins that drain a small part of the extracranial tissues.
   3. Compare, contrast, and locate the following major veins: Pterygoid Plexus, Retromandibular, External Jugular, Facial, Ophthalmic, Cavernous Sinus, and Internal Jugular.
   4. Compare, contrast, and locate the following drainage veins: Pterygoid Plexus, Middle meningeal, Superficial Temporal, Posterior Auricular, Supraorbital, Ophthalmic, Retromandibular, Posterior Superior Alveolar, Inferior Alveolar, and Maxillary.
   5. Compare, contrast, and locate the following regions of the head and neck that are drained of blood as the blood is directed back toward the heart: Meninges of the brain, lateral scalp area, Frontal region, Orbital region, Superficial Temporal, Maxillary Veins, upper and lower lip areas, maxillary and mandibular teeth, submental region, Deep Facial areas, Posterior Superior Alveolar, Inferior Alveolar, and Pterygoid Plexus.
   6. Discuss blood drainage communication as it relates to the Pterygoid Plexus and Cavernous Sinus.
   7. Given a case scenario, the student will explain why the Cavernous Sinus can be a source of dental infection and possible death.
7. Demonstrate understanding of the major groups of lymph nodes of the head and neck.
   1. Design a chart to demonstrate head and neck lymph drainage.
   2. Locate, compare and contrast the superficial nodes of the lymphatic system: occipital, retro auricular, anterior auricular, superficial parotid, facial, submental, submandibular, external jugular, and anterior jugular.
   3. Locate, compare and contrast the deep nodes of the lymphatic system: superior deep cervical, inferior deep cervical, retropharyngeal, and deep parotid.
   4. Given a case study of a patient with enlarged lymph nodes the student will determine the anatomical source of the problem.
8. Demonstrate understanding of the cranial nerves with emphasis on the relationship to dentistry.
   1. List by name and Roman numeral each of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
   2. Indicate whether the cranial nerves are an afferent, efferent, or mixed nerve.
   3. Identify the exit site for each of the cranial nerves from the skull.
   4. Compare and contrast nerve block and local infiltration of the Trigeminal nerve.
   5. Given an area in a patient's oral cavity that needs local anesthesia, identify the specific injection site(s) for maxillary and mandibular teeth and surrounding tissue.