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DH 112 - Medical Assessment/EmergenciesCredits: 2 Instructional Contact Hours: 3
Provides the opportunity to practice assessment, identification, and dental hygiene treatment protocol of septicemic emergencies which may occur in treating the dental patient.
Prerequisite(s): Validation for and successful clincal entry to the Dental Hygiene Program.
Corequisite(s): DH 110 , DH 111 , DH 114 , DH 115 , DH 116 , DH 118 Lecture Hours: 15 Lab Hours: 30 Meets MTA Requirement: None Pass/NoCredit: No
Outcomes and Objectives
- Identify the procedures associated with vital signs.
- Describe each vital sign: pulse, respiration, temperature and blood pressure.
- Identify the normal ranges for vital signs for adults and children.
- Determine when it is appropriate to take vital signs.
- Identify the appropriate equipment utilized for taking vital signs.
- State the factors that influence pulse rate.
- Describe the procedure for determining pulse rate.
- Discuss pulse rate utilizing the terms bradycardia and tachycardia
- Describe the technique to measure a patient's respiration.
- State the factors that influence respiratory rate.
- Discuss respirations utilizing the terms anoxia, and apnea.
- Describe the advantages and disadvantage of the various types of blood pressure equipment.
- Describe the technique to measure a patient’s blood pressure.
- Identify factors that may increase or decrease blood pressure.
- Analyze the differences and similarities of the terms auscultation and kortkoff sounds.
- Analyze the differences and similarities of the terms diastole, diastolic pressure, systole, and systolic pressure.
- Utilize normotensive and stethoscope while discussing blood pressure with a dental professional.
- List two methods of taking a temperature.
- Describe normal body temperature of children and adults and temperature variations.
- Indicate factors that alter body temperature.
- Analyze the differences and similarities of the terms pyrexia, hyperthermia and hypothermia related to temperature.
- Provide an overview of what occurs in the body related to asthma, COPD, and hyperventilation.
- Describe what occurs within the body when a patient is hyperventilating.
- Describe what occurs within the body when a patient is experiencing an asthma attack.
- Explain what occurs in the body when a patient has COPD.
- Assess the respiratory patient.
- Assess medical history for respiratory health problems.
- Ask appropriate questions and document answers related to respiratory problems.
- Identify contraindications for the patient with respiratory problems.
- Describe how to alter the DH careplan for the respiratory patient.
- Explain protocol for treating respiratory emergencies in dentistry.
- Identify the signs and symptoms of the hyperventilation.
- Identify first aid procedures for hyperventilation.
- Follow the dental hygiene and college emergency protocol.
- List the signs and symptoms of the asthma.
- Identify first aid procedures for asthma.
- Follow the dental hygiene and college emergency protocol.
- Identify the signs and symptoms of COPD.
- Identify first aid procedures for COPD.
- Follow the dental hygiene and college emergency protocol.
- Analyze the differences and similarities of the signs, symptoms and emergency treatment procedure for hyperventilation, asthma attack, and COPD.
- Provide an overview of what occurs in the body related to syncope, a delayed allergic reaction, or anaphylaxis.
- Describe what occurs within the body when a patient is experiencing syncope.
- Describe what occurs within the body when a patient is experiencing a delayed allergic reaction.
- Describe what occurs within the body when a patient is experiencing an anaphylactic reaction.
- Assess the patient with a history of syncope or an allergy.
- Assess medical history for syncope or allergy-related health problems.
- Ask appropriate questions and documents answers related to syncope or allergy problems.
- Identify contraindications for the patient with allergies or a history of syncope.
- Describe how to alter the DH careplan for the patient with syncope or an allergy.
- Explain protocol for treating for syncope or allergy-related emergencies in dentistry.
- Recognize the signs and symptoms of the syncope.
- Implement first aid procedures for syncope.
- Recognize the signs and symptoms of the delayed allergic reaction.
- Implement first aid procedures for delayed allergic reaction.
- Recognize the signs and symptoms of the anaphylaxis.
- Implement first aid procedures for anaphylaxis.
- Follow the dental hygiene and college emergency protocol for syncope, delayed allergic reaction or anaphylaxis.
- Analyze the differences and similarities of the signs, symptoms and emergency treatment procedure for syncope, delayed allergic reaction, and anaphylaxis.
- Provide an overview of what occurs in the body related to diabetes.
- Discuss the stable, unstable and brittle (labile)diabetic patient.
- Analyze the differences and similarities of Type I and Type II diabetes.
- Analyze the differences and similarities of Type I and II diabetes related to medications, diet, exercise and stress.
- Identify the signs and symptoms of an undiagnosed diabetic.
- Analyze the differences and similarities of the signs, symptoms, and emergency treatment of a diabetic in insulin shock (hypoglycemia) and diabetic coma (hypo- or hyperglycemia).
- Analyze the differences and similarities of insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents.
- Analyze the differences and similarities of blood glucose readings and A1c readings.
- Identify possible long term health issues of a diabetic patient.
- Analyze the differences and similarities of the terms hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia.
- Indicate what may contribute to hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia.
- Describe the difference between gestational diabetes and Type I or TypeII diabetes.
- Explain the impact uncontrolled diabetes has on the periodontal condition.
- Discuss how insulin assists with controlling glucose levels.
- Describe the difference between diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus.
- Analyze the differences and similarities of the modes of control for diabetes.
- Describe what assessment(s) to utilize to determine if a patient maybe an undiagnosed diabetic.
- Discuss why it is important to identify patients who might have diabetes.
- Discuss the oral findings that may occur with the diabetic patient.
- Identify possible treatment modifications for a diabetic patient.
- Assess the diabetic patient.
- Assess medical history for diabetic health problems.
- Ask appropriate questions and document answers related to diabetes.
- Identify contraindications for the diabetic patient.
- Describe how to alter the DH care plan for the diabetic patient.
- Explain protocol for treating diabetes related emergencies in dentistry.
- Recognize the signs and symptoms of the hyperglycemia.
- Implement first aid procedures for hyperglycemia.
- Recognize the signs and symptoms of the hypoglycemia.
- Implement first aid procedures for hypoglycemia.
- Follow the dental hygiene and college emergency protocol.
- Analyze the differences and similarities of the signs, symptoms and emergency treatment procedure for hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic emergencies.
- Provide an overview of what occurs in the body related to neurological disorders.
- Define epilepsy.
- Describe the etiology of seizure/convulsive disorder.
- Explain the seizure classifications: focal onset (partial), generalized onset and unknown onset.
- Compare and contrast symptoms of a motor (tonic clonic) seizure and non-motor (absence) seizure.
- Identify common drug(s) for the control of epilepsy.
- Describe the most common oral manifestations as a result of taking antiepileptic drugs, such as phenytoin.
- Describe the oral manifestations commonly seen with patients who experience tonic clonic seizure activity.
- Describe an aura and determine when it will normally occur.
- Analyze the differences and similarities of the tonic and clonic activity of a seizure.
- Analyze the differences and similarities of what occurs during the pre-ictal, ictal and post ictal phase of a seizure.
- Describe status epilepticus, the severity of the condition and the emergency steps to implement.
- Describe how epilepsy may alter the dental careplan.
- Define prodrome (prodromal signs) and identify when this may occur.
- Analyze the differences and similarities of terms related to seizures.
- Describe precipitating factors that may cause a seizure.
- Describe emergency care during pre-ictal, ictal and post-ictal phase of the seizure.
- Analyze the differences and similarities of a transient ischemic attack (TIA) and a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
- Identify permanent effects of a CVA.
- Analyze the differences and similarities of an ischemic stroke and a hemorrhagic stroke.
- Assess the neurological patient.
- Assess medical history for neurological health problems.
- Ask appropriate questions and documents answers related to neurological health problems.
- Identify contraindications for the neurological patient.
- Identify how to alter the DH care plan for the neurological patient.
- Explain protocol for treating neurological emergencies in dentistry.
- Recognize the signs and symptoms of the non-motor (absence) seizure.
- Implement first aid procedures for non-motor (absence) seizure.
- Recognize the signs and symptoms of the motor (tonic clonic) seizure.
- Implement first aid procedures for motor (tonic clonic) seizure.
- Recognize the signs and symptoms of the cerebral vascular accident.
- Implement first aid procedures for cerebral vascular accident.
- Follow the dental hygiene and college emergency protocol for seizures and CVA.
- Provide an overview of what occurs in the body related to cardiovascular disorders.
- Identify the etiology of heart disease.
- Describe what is causing a heart attack and how the heart is affected.
- Identify what medications maybe given for angina.
- Describe the effect nitroglycerin has on the vascular system.
- Describe what is occurring in the body that causes congestive heart failure.
- Differentiate between left and right sided congestive heart failure.
- Describe sudden death.
- Compare and contrast heart attack, congestive heart failure and sudden death.
- Analyze the differences and similarities of the etiology, signs, symptoms, contraindications, and treatment for hypertension and congestive heart failure.
- Analyze the differences and similarities of the etiology, signs, symptoms, treatment, and contraindications for patients with a cardiac pacemaker and previous cardiovascular surgery.
- Analyze the differences and similarities of atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus and ventricular septal defect.
- Analyze the differences and similarities of the etiology, signs, symptoms, and emergency treatment and contraindications for angina pectoris and myocardial infarction.
- Describe why a patient may be on anticoagulant therapy.
- Determine two types of patients that may need anticoagulant therapy.
- Describe rheumatic heart disease, the etiology, and the affect it has on the heart.
- Determine how rheumatic heart disease may be prevented.
- Describe infective endocarditis, the etiology, and the affect it has on the heart.
- Assess the cardiovascular patient.
- Assess medical history for cardiac health problems.
- Ask appropriate questions and document answers and documents answers related to cardiac problems.
- Identify contraindications for the cardiac patient.
- Describe how to alter the DH careplan for the cardiac patient.
- Explain protocol for treating cardiac emergencies in dentistry.
- Recognize the signs and symptoms of the angina.
- Implement first aid procedures for angina.
- Follow the dental hygiene and college emergency protocol.
- Recognize the signs and symptoms of cardiac arrest.
- Implement first aid procedures for cardiac arrest.
- Follow the dental hygiene and college emergency protocol.
- Assess the patient for conditions in which an antibiotic premedication may be prescribed.
- Recognize conditions in which antibiotic premedication may be indicated.
- Explain why antibiotic premedication is indicated for a patient with a prosthetic heart valve or repair.
- Explain why antibiotic premedication is indicated for a patient with a heart replacement that exhibits abnormal function.
- Describe how a heart valve repair or abnormal valve function may lead to infective endocarditis.
- Explain rheumatic heart disease and infective endocarditis.
- Compare and contrast past and present philosophies of the indication of antibiotic premedication for patients with joint replacement.
- Explain the current recommendations regarding antibiotic premedication for dental procedures according to the American Dental Association and the American Heart Association.
- Describe the role of the patient’s primary care provider or medical specialist in determining the need for antibiotic premedication for dental patients.
- Describe the use of lay terms to explain to a patient why premedication with antibiotic is necessary prior to dental appointments.
- Provide an overview of what occurs in the body related to blood disorders.
- Describe oral findings that may be indicative of a blood disorder.
- Discuss the normal composition of blood.
- Discuss the terms related to blood disorders.
- Analyze the differences and similarities of the etiology, signs, symptoms, contraindications, and modification of treatment for iron anemia and megaloblastic anemia: pernicious and folate anemia.
- Analyze the differences and similarities of the etiology, signs, symptoms, contraindications, and modification of treatment for iron anemia and sickle cell anemia.
- Analyze the differences and similarities of the etiology, signs, symptoms, treatment contraindications, and modification of treatment for leukopenia and leukocytosis.
- Analyze the differences and similarities of the etiology, signs, symptoms, contraindications, and modification of treatment for acute leukemia and chronic leukemia.
- Analyze the differences and similarities of the etiology, signs, symptoms, contraindications, and modification of treatment for polycythemia, hemophiliac XIII, and IX.
- Analyze the differences and similarities of the terms petechia, purpura, ecchymosis related to blood disorders.
- Analyze the differences and similarities of the terms leukocytosis and leukopenia.
- Discuss glossitis and glossodynia relative to anemia.
- Discuss hematocrit, hematopoiesis, and hemoglobin relative to red blood cells and anemia.
- Discuss coagulation factors related to blood disorders.
- Assess the patient with a blood disorder.
- Assess medical history for blood disorder problems.
- Ask appropriate questions and document answers related to blood disorder problems.
- Identify contraindications for the blood disorder patient.
- Describe how to alter the DH careplan for the blood disorder patient.
- Assess a patient to determine ASA and related risks.
- Describe the importance of a medical, dental and personal health history.
- Describe what factors determine the patient’s ASA classification.
- Utilizing a health history and clinical findings determine the possibility of the patient having an undiagnosed medical condition.
- Describe how health history and knowledge of vital signs relate to preventing and preparing for medical emergencies.
- Determine how to utilize the drug book, identify dental related side effects and contraindications for dental treatment.
- Explain how a patient’s ASA may affect a dental care.
- Explain documentation in dental records.
- Discuss why it is necessary to record complete documentation regarding dates and patient comments.
- Determine why all entries into a hard copy chart should be in ink.
- Identify how to make a correction in a dental chart.
- Explain the legality of documentation in a patient’s chart.
- Explain protocol for medical emergencies in the dental clinic.
- Locate first aid kits, emergency kits and medical equipment in the dental clinic.
- Describe content of first aid kits and emergency kits in the dental clinic.
- Describe the procedure to implement for foreign matter in the eye.
- Describe the procedure to implement for a broken instrument tip intra oral.
- Describe the procedure to implement for accidental removal of a restoration.
- Describe the procedure to implement for an instrument puncture.
- Analyze the differences and similarities for the need for ammonia inhalants and sugar packets at the dental unit.
- Describe the procedure for a major medical emergency in the dental clinic
- Describe the treatment procedure for all medical emergencies that may occur in the dental clinic.
- Describe how to care for with a patient in need of supplemental oxygen.
- Describe how to change an empty tank of oxygen.
- Identify when it is appropriate to administer supplemental oxygen.
- Describe the steps required to administer supplemental oxygen.
- Identify the attachments used with an oxygen tank.
- Describe the criteria the oxygen mask must meet to be effective.
- Describe the common oxygen delivery devices.
- Identify four precautions to take when using oxygen.
- Describe appropriate first aid for burns.
- Analyze the differences and similarities of a first, second and third degree burn.
- Describe the first aid procedures for first, second and third degree burns.
- Assess the signs and symptoms of oral, physical, or behavior abuse and neglect of a child, adolescent, adult or geriatric patient.
- Analyze the differences and similarities of abuse, neglect and dental neglect.
- Recognize signs and symptoms of suspected neglect or abuse of a child/adolescent/adult/ and geriatric patient.
- Recognize and describe oral signs and symptoms of suspected neglect or abuse of child/adolescent/adult and geriatric patient.
- Describe the behavior of the abuser.
- Describe behavioral indicators of an abused or neglected child.
- Describe what “PANDA” represents.
- Discuss the significance of forensic dentistry related to child/adolescent/adult, and geriatric patient abuse.
- Describe the legally defined responsibility of reporting suspected child/adolescent/adult/geriatric abuse and neglect.
- Discuss the protocol to report abuse or neglect.
- Describe the role of Michigan Children Protective Service.
- Describe the information needed for making a written report of suspected child/adolescent/adult abuse.
- Describe how to assist a physically disabled dental patient.
- Identify areas of concern when providing a barrier free environment for the dental patient.
- Describe the external and internal features of the environment to consider for a barrier-free environment for the patient with a physical disability.
- State the regulation on wheelchair accessibility.
- Describe the protocol for assisting a wheelchair-bound patient.
- Describe the importance of proper body mechanics when completing a wheelchair transfer of a patient.
- Discuss one- and two-person wheelchair transfers of the dental patient.
- Describe the protocol for assisting a patient who uses a cane, crutches or a walking frame.
- Demonstrate protocol for treating an insulin shock (hypoglycemia) emergency in dentistry.
- Recognize the signs and symptoms of the insulin shock (hypoglycemia).
- Implement first aid procedures for insulin shock (hypoglycemia).
- Follow the dental hygiene and college emergency protocol.
- Provide documentation of the medical emergency.
- Demonstrate protocol for treating a hyperglycemia emergency in dentistry.
- Recognize the signs and symptoms of the hyperglycemia.
- Implement first aid procedures for hyperglycemia.
- Follow the dental hygiene and college emergency protocol.
- Provide documentation of the medical emergency.
- Demonstrate protocol for treating a syncope emergency in dentistry.
- Recognize the signs and symptoms of the syncope.
- Implement first aid procedures for syncope.
- Follow the dental hygiene and college emergency protocol.
- Provide documentation of the medical emergency.
- Demonstrate protocol for treating a hyperventilation emergency in dentistry.
- Recognize the signs and symptoms of the hyperventilation.
- Implement first aid procedures for hyperventilation.
- Follow the dental hygiene and college emergency protocol.
- Provide documentation of the medical emergency.
- Demonstrate protocol for treating an angina emergency in dentistry.
- Recognize the signs and symptoms of the angina.
- Implement first aid procedures for angina.
- Follow the dental hygiene and college emergency protocol.
- Provide documentation of the medical emergency.
- Demonstrate protocol for treating an asthma emergency in dentistry.
- Recognize the signs and symptoms of the asthma.
- Implement first aid procedures for asthma.
- Follow the dental hygiene and college emergency protocol.
- Provide documentation of the medical emergency.
- Demonstrate protocol for treating a motor (tonic-clonic) seizure emergency in dentistry.
- Recognize the signs and symptoms of seizures.
- Implement first aid procedures for tonic clonic seizure.
- Follow the dental hygiene and college emergency protocol.
- Provide documentation of the medical emergency.
- Demonstrate protocol for treating an allergic reaction emergency in dentistry.
- Recognize the signs and symptoms of the delayed allergic reaction.
- Implement first aid procedures for delayed allergic reaction.
- Follow the dental hygiene and college emergency protocol.
- Provide documentation of the medical emergency.
- Demonstrate protocol for treating an anaphylaxis emergency in dentistry.
- Recognize the signs and symptoms of the anaphylaxis.
- Implement first aid procedures for anaphylaxis.
- Follow the dental hygiene and college emergency protocol.
- Provide documentation of the medical emergency.
- Demonstrate protocol for treating a cerebral vascular emergency in dentistry.
- Recognize the signs and symptoms of the cerebral vascular accident.
- Implement first aid procedures for cerebral vascular accident.
- Follow the dental hygiene and college emergency protocol.
- Provide documentation of the medical emergency.
- Demonstrate taking vital signs and provide accurate documentation of the vital sign readings.
- Demonstrate taking an accurate blood pressure using a cuff and stethoscope.
- Demonstrate taking blood pressure with a digital blood pressure cuff.
- Demonstrate taking an accurate respiration rate.
- Demonstrate taking pulse an accurate pulse rate.
- Demonstrate taking a temperature using a digital thermometer and record information.
- Demonstrate taking a temperature using a strip thermometer and record information.
- Provide accurate documentation of all the vital signs.
- Demonstrate wheelchair transfer of a dental patient.
- Demonstrate the proper body mechanics while demonstrating the procedure for a two-person wheelchair transfer of a dental patient.
- Demonstrate the proper body mechanics while demonstrating the proper procedure for a one-person wheelchair transfer of a dental patient.
- Demonstrate the administration of oxygen and changing of oxygen cylinder.
- Demonstrate when and how to change the oxygen cylinder.
- Demonstrate how to administer oxygen.
- Demonstrate assessment of the dental patient for risk and prevention of a medical emergency.
- Provide an accurate medical health history of the patient.
- Ask appropriate questions and document answers related to health problems.
- Identify contraindication(s) for the patient.
- Utilizing professional terminology provide a clear and concise verbal case presentation of the patient’s medical history to a dental professional.
- Provide explanation in regard to premedication with antibiotic prior to dental appointments.
- Utilizing professional terminology, explain to a dental professional when and why premedication with antibiotic may be necessary prior to dental appointments.
- Utilizing lay terms, explain to a dental patient when and why premedication with antibiotic may be necessary prior to dental care.
- Explain the role of the patient’s primary care provider or medical specialist in determining the indication of the use of antibiotic premedication.
- Determine the type and dose of antibiotic needed for a child and adult.
- Determine the type and dose of antibiotic needed for a patient that has recently been on antibiotic.
- Answer the patient’s questions using lay terms.
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