DMS 115 - Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation II

1. Demonstrate knowledge of two-dimensional imaging using sound waves as it relates to ultrasound scanning.
   1. Describe transducer design, function and application for the following:
      1. Mechanical 
      2. Annular array
      3. Linear sequential array
      4. Linear phased array
      5. Convex phased array
      6. Vector array
   2. Explain the function of the beam former
   3. Define Elevational resolution
   4. Discuss the basics of 3-D imaging as it relates to transducer design and function
2. Demonstrate knowledge of real-time imaging as it applies to ultrasound scanning.
   1. Define the following terms
      1. Real-time imaging
      2. Frame rate
      3. Temporal resolution
      4. Line density
      5. Multi-focus
   2. Explain the relationship of imaging depth to PRP and PRF
3. Demonstrate knowledge of pulsed echo instrumentation as it applies to ultrasound scanning.
   1. Describe the difference between transmission and reception
   2. Describe the function of each of the following components and determine if it is a part of transmission or reception:
      1. Transducer
      2. Pulser
      3. Beam former
      4. Receiver
      5. Amplification
      6. Compensation
      7. Compression
      8. Demodulation
      9. Reject 
      10. Display
      11. Storage
      12. Display 
4. Demonstrate knowledge of ultrasound displays and image processing.
   1. Define bistable versus gray scale
   2. Explain the differences between brightness and contrast
   3. Describe the use and structure of a scan converter
   4. Differentiate between analog and digital
   5. Define the following 
      1. Pixel
      2. Bit
      3. Analog / digital
      4. Pre and post processing
      5. Read and write magnification
      6. Spatial compounding
      7. PACS / DICOM
5. Demonstrate knowledge of harmonics and contrast agents and how they apply to sonographic imaging.
   1. Define harmonic imaging
   2. List advantages of harmonic imaging
   3. Define linear and nonlinear behavior
   4. Contrast tissue and contrast harmonics
   5. Define mechanical index 
6. Demonstrate knowledge of basic hemodynamics as related to sonographic imaging.
   1. Define the following:
      1. Flow
      2. Velocity
      3. Kinetic energy
      4. Viscous energy loss
      5. Frictional energy loss
      6. Inertial energy loss
      7. Bernoulli's principle
7. Demonstrate knowledge of the fundamental principles of Doppler imaging for use in the clinical setting.
   1. Define “Doppler shift”
   2. Describe the Doppler equation
   3. Identify known elements of the Doppler equation
   4. Describe the difference between continuous and pulsed wave Doppler
   5. Define spectral analysis
   6. List the three methods of Doppler signal processing
   7. Define color flow Doppler
   8. Demonstrate ability to interpret a color map
   9. Describe the difference between color Doppler velocity and variance modes
8. Demonstrate knowledge of ultrasound artifacts as related to clinical imaging.
   1. List causes for sonographic artifacts
   2. List the six assumptions of an imaging system
   3. Describe the following artifacts in relationship to sonographic appearance:
      1. Reverberation
      2. Shadow
      3. Enhancement
      4. Mirror image
      5. Crosstalk
      6. Speed error
      7. Lobes
      8. Refraction
      9. Slice thickness
      10. Lateral and axial resolution artifact
      11. Noise and speckle
9. Demonstrate knowledge of quality assurance as it relates to a diagnostic ultrasound imaging department.
   1. Define quality assurance
   2. List four requirements for a quality assurance program
   3. Identify the various types of test objects used for quality assurance
   4. Describe performance measurements
   5. Describe a quality assurance program for an ultrasound department
10. Demonstrate knowledge of ultrasound biologic effects as used in clinical imaging in relationship to safety.
    1. Define dosimetry
    2. Differentiate between mechanistic and empirical approaches to study bioeffects
    3. Explain the proposal of thermal mechanism
    4. Describe cavitation
    5. Differentiate between stable and transient cavitation
    6. Define epidemiology
    7. Discuss the AIUM statements on the following:
       1. Clinical safety
       2. Safety in training and research
    8. Explain ALARA