Aug 06, 2026

2026 - 2027 Catalog

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2026 - 2027 Catalog

ST 240 - Surgical Procedures and Anatomy

Credits: 8
Instructional Contact Hours: 10

Studies commonly-performed types of surgical procedures. Discusses the pathology leading to surgical invention, the purposes of the surgery, problems which may arise, and the consequences of the surgery for the patient. In addition to the basic techniques utilized during procedures, special instrumentation, supplies, and the latest technology will be introduced.

Prerequisite(s): Validation for and successful clinical entry to the Surgical Technology Program
Corequisite(s): ST 207, ST 210, ST 220
Lecture Hours: 105 Lab Hours: 45
Meets MTA Requirement: None
Pass/NoCredit: No

Outcomes and Objectives

Outcome 1:

Demonstrate progress in communication and language skills, critical thinking, interpersonal/collaborative skills, and information literacy.

Objectives:

Communicate in acceptable English and use medical terminology accurately and appropriately.

Understand and critically evaluate what is read.
Write in a clear, organized, succinct, and effective manner, demonstrating proper spelling, grammar, and sentence structure.

Analyze data and discipline-based knowledge to formulate logical conclusions.

Integrate and correlate concepts from different courses.
Exhibit development of both inductive and deductive reasoning skills.
Recognize patterns and trends in data and be able to justify any conclusions drawn.
Make predictions based on evidence.
Differentiate coincidental and causal relationships.
Utilize graphs, tables, and charts to summarize, analyze, and interpret information.
Apply the scientific method of inquiry and research.

Work constructively within a group.
Demonstrate the ability to access, analyze, and use information appropriate to the discipline.

Identify and access appropriate print, media, and electronic resources to expand his/her understanding of subject matter.
Evaluate the quality of information gathered from print and electronic sources with reference to reliability of the source, currency, and applicability.
Paraphrase, synthesize, and summarize information gathered from multiple sources.

Outcome 2:

Demonstrate knowledge in the use of various types of surgical lasers and the safety measures required.

Objectives:

Translate the acronym "laser".
Explain how laser energy is generated.
List the characteristics of laser energy and explain what occurs on contact with tissue.
Discuss the effects of different laser energy modalities and delivery systems.
List advantages of laser surgery.
For each kind of surgical laser, identify its special attributes (including the color of its beam) and list its major uses.
- Argon, CO₂, Diode, Krypton, Tunable dye, Yttrium-aluminum Garnet (YAG) (Erbium, Holmium, Neodymium (Nd), KTP.
List other medical uses of laser.
Discuss hazards and safety considerations during laser surgery.

Outcome 3:

Define and appropriately use anatomical terminology.

Objectives:

Utilize correct spelling, pronunciation, and formation of plurals.
Define anatomical planes of the body or organ.
Define terms of relationship, comparison, and movement.

Outcome 4:

Demonstrate knowledge of the anatomy of the scalp, skull, and brain.

Relate each anatomic structure to adjacent structures and their clinical and surgical significance.

Objectives:

List the layers of the scalp, including the muscles and aponeurosis.
Identify the blood supply of the scalp.
Name and locate the bones of the skull and the cranial sutures.
List and describe the meningeal layers and spaces, the dural duplications, and the cranial venous sinuses.
Define the ventricular system and describe the function, formation, circulation, and drainage of cerebrospinal fluid.
Describe the Circle of Willis and the arteries that form it.
Describe the formation of the neural tube and potential congenital anomalies.
Describe the cellular components of the brain.
Describe the surface features of the brain.
Identify the cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brainstem.
List the twelve pairs of cranial nerves by name and number and indicate the major function(s) and course of each.

Outcome 5:

Demonstrate knowledge about face and neck anatomy.

Relate each anatomic structure to adjacent structures and their clinical and surgical significance.

Objectives:

Name and locate the bones of the face and identify significant foramen and the nerves and vessels passing through them.
Locate and name the muscles of facial expression.
Describe the sensory and motor innervation of the face, arterial supply, and venous drainage.
Locate the salivary glands.
Identify the fascial layers of the neck.
Describe the triangles of the neck and identify the primary structures in each.
Identify the superficial veins of the neck.
Identify the contents of the carotid sheath.
Explain how the internal carotid artery is visually distinguished from the external carotid artery in the neck.
Locate and differentiate the carotid sinus vs. the carotid body.
Name and locate the branches of the external carotid artery and the structures they supply.
Describe the structure of the trachea and its relationship to the esophagus.
Identify the cervical plexus and the structures it innervates.
Identify the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles and their nervous innervation.
Describe the recurrent laryngeal nerve and its function; compare the path of the right and left recurrent laryngeal nerves.
Describe the thyroid gland and its blood supply.
Describe the parathyroid glands and their blood supply.

Outcome 6:

Demonstrate knowledge about the anatomy of the eye, ear, oral cavity, nose, palate, and throat.

Relate each anatomic structure to adjacent structures and their clinical and surgical significance.

Objectives:

Describe the orbits.
Describe the structure of the eyelids, the conjunctiva, and their function.
Name and describe the components of the lacrimal apparatus.
Name the extrinsic (extraocular) muscles, their innervation, and actions.
Describe the intrinsic (intraocular) eye muscles, their innervation, and actions.
List the components of the three tunics of the globe.
Differentiate the anterior segment and posterior segments of the eye; differentiate the anterior chamber from the posterior chamber; indicate the location of aqueous and vitreous humor and their function.
Describe the structure of the lens and how its shape is modified for visual accommodation.
Describe the blood supply of the globe.
Identify the features of the auricle.
Describe the tympanic membrane.
Describe the middle ear, its contents, and function.
Discuss the function of the eustachian tube.
Identify the components of the inner ear, including the bony and membranous labyrinths and their respective fluids.
Describe the mastoid air cells.
Differentiate the structures, functions, and innervation of the vestibular vs. cochlear apparatus.
Describe the muscles of mastication and their innervation.
Describe the temporomandibular joint.
Describe the hard and soft palate.
Describe the anatomy of a tooth and the innervation of the maxillary and mandibular teeth.
Describe the tongue, the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles, innervation, blood supply, and function.
Identify the nerves that provide the sensation of taste.
Relate the actions of the muscles of the lips, cheeks, mastication, tongue, palate, and pharynx in chewing and swallowing.
Describe the nose, its function, and the cartilage of the external nose.
Identify the components of the nasal septum, the lateral nasal wall, and the air passages of the nasal cavity.
Identify and locate each of the paranasal air sinuses and describe their drainage pathways.
Describe the musculature and innervation of the pharynx.
Describe the location of the palatine and pharyngeal tonsils.
Describe the respiratory layer of the neck and its function.
List the paired and unpaired cartilages of the larynx and describe the mechanism for voice production.
Describe the innervation and actions of laryngeal muscles.
Describe the alimentary layer of the neck.

Outcome 7:

Demonstrate knowledge of the anatomy of the superficial back, pectoral region, and upper limb.

Relate each anatomic structure to adjacent structures and their clinical and surgical significance.

Objectives:

Name and locate the muscles of the pectoral region.
Describe the general anatomy of the breast and the retromammary space.
Describe lobules, lactiferous ducts, and lactiferous sinuses of the breast and their function.
Describe the arterial supply of the breast.
Explain the lymphatic drainage of the breast.
Identify the boundaries of the axilla and the axillary contents.
Explain the brachial plexus and the structures innervated (motor and cutaneous) by each of the terminal branches.
Describe the origin of the right and left subclavian arteries and their primary branches.
Describe the origin and termination of the axillary artery and its primary branches.
Identify the bony features of the scapula, clavicle, proximal humerus, and their articulations.
Describe the sternoclavicular joint.
Describe the acromioclavicular joint.
Define bursa.
Describe the glenohumeral joint and associated ligaments and explain the instability of the glenohumeral joint.
Name and locate the superficial back muscles, scapulohumeral muscles, anterior and posterior axio-appendicular muscles, and identify their origin and insertion, innervation, and associated movements.
List the muscles/tendons of the "rotator cuff" and define their function.
Name the muscles of the anterior (flexor) and posterior (extensor) compartments of the arm, identify their origin and insertion, innervation, and associated movements.
Describe the fascial compartments of the arm and forearm.
Describe the arterial supply of the upper limb.
Describe the superficial and deep venous drainage of the upper limb.
List the contents of the antecubital fossa.
Identify and explain the bony features of the middle and distal humerus, radius, and ulna, and their articulations.
Describe the ligaments of the elbow joint.
Describe the muscles of the anterior (flexor/pronator) and posterior (extensor/supinator) compartments of the forearm, innervation, and associated movements.
Define the "anatomical snuff box" and its contents.
Name the retinacula at the wrist and explain their functions.
Describe the carpal tunnel and its contents.
Name and locate the bones of the wrist and hand.
Identify the articulations of the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.
Describe the palmar aponeurosis.
Describe the muscles of the hand, their innervation, and associated movements.
Describe the flexor tendons of the hand that move the phalanges and the synovial/tendon sheaths of the phalanges.
Compare and contrast the thenar and hypothenar compartments of the hand, including innervation and function.
Describe the arterial supply of the hand.

Outcome 8:

Demonstrate knowledge of the anatomy of the deep back, vertebral column, and spinal cord.

Relate each anatomic structure to adjacent structures and their clinical and surgical significance.

Objectives:

Name the muscles of the deep back and describe their actions.
List the regions of the vertebral column, indicate the number of vertebrae in each region, and identify the characteristic features of each type of vertebra and their function.
Describe the special features of the atlas and axis.
Identify the joints of the vertebral column.
Identify the major ligaments of the vertebral column, especially the ligamentum flavum.
Describe the function of the intervertebral discs, the annulus, and the nucleus pulposus.
Identify the features of the sacrum and coccyx.
Describe the meningeal coverings of the spinal cord.
Identify the conus medullaris and the cauda equina.
Account for the disparity in length between the vertebral column and the spinal cord and indicate the level of the termination of the spinal cord.
Describe the contents of the vertebral canal.

Outcome 9:

Demonstrate knowledge of the anatomy of the chest wall, thoracic cavity, and diaphragm.

Relate each anatomic structure to adjacent structures and their clinical and surgical significance.

Objectives:

List the function of the thoracic cavity.
List the bones of the thoracic skeleton.
Identify the bony features of a typical rib and relate these to articulations and/or muscle attachments.
Differentiate vertebrosternal, vertebrochondral, and floating ribs.
Describe the joints and movements of the thoracic skeleton.
Locate the jugular notch and the sternal angle.
Locate the internal mammary artery (formerly internal thoracic).
Define endothoracic fascia, parietal pleura and visceral pleura.
Identify the structures in the hilum of the lung.
Compare and contrast the fissures, lobes, and bronchopulmonary segments of the right and left lungs.
Trace the bronchial tree from the tracheal bifurcation to an alveolus.
Discuss the clinical significance of the lymph nodes around the trachea and bronchi.
Locate the course of the phrenic and vagus nerves.
Describe the location and the contents of the superior, anterior, and posterior mediastina.
Describe the azygos system of veins.
Identify and describe the pulmonary vessels and their function.
Name the contents of the middle mediastinum.
Differentiate the fibrous pericardium from the serous pericardium.
Differentiate the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium and describe the function of the pericardial cavity.
Compare and contrast the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.
Explain the blood supply of the myocardium.
Name and locate the coronary arteries and each of their main branches.
Describe the venous drainage of the heart.
Name and locate each of the 4 chambers of the heart and the function of each.
Explain the functional difference between the right ventricle and the left ventricle.
Name and locate the valves of the heart.
Define trabeculae carneae, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae.
Identify the superior vena cava, the inferior vena cava, the pulmonary trunk, the aortic sinuses, and the aorta.
Name the branches of the aortic arch.
Trace the flow of blood through the heart.
Differentiate pulmonary circulation from systemic circulation.
Define the cardiac skeleton.
Describe the electrical conducting system of the heart.
Explain the cardiac cycle.
Describe the diaphragm, its function, and its innervation.
Name the openings in the diaphragm and the structures that pass through them.

Outcome 10:

Demonstrate knowledge of the anatomy of the abdominal wall and the inguinal regions.

Relate each anatomic structure to adjacent structures and their clinical and surgical significance.

Objectives:

Describe the abdominal quadrants.
List the layers of the anterolateral abdominal wall, innervation, and blood supply.
List the flat muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall, innervation, blood supply, and function.
Identify the inguinal ligament (Poupart's ligament), describe its formation, and bony attachments.
List the vertical muscles of the anterior abdominal wall and their function, define the rectus sheath, the arcuate line of the rectus sheath, and the linea alba.
Explain the lateral, medial, and median umbilical folds/fossae on the internal surface of peritoneum.
Identify the boundaries of Hesselbach’s triangle.
Locate and describe the ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerves and the structures they innervate.
Locate the deep/internal and superficial/external inguinal rings.
Define the inguinal canal and the structures passing through it in both the male and the female.
List the contents of the inguinal canal in the male and female.
Describe the spermatic cord, the structures contained within it, the fascial coverings, its function, and its relationship to the interior epigastric vessels.
Describe the migration of the testicles and the layers of tissue it accumulates along the way.
Describe the testicles, their function, blood supply, and their coverings.
Describe the epididymis and its function.
Describe the formation of sperm within the testicle.
Define the scrotum, cremaster, and dartos muscles and their function in heat regulation.
Describe the fascia of the posterior abdominal wall and its origin.
Name and locate the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall, their origin and function.
Identify the vessels of the posterior abdominal wall.
Identify the lumbar nerve plexus of the posterior abdominal wall and the significant nerves of the plexus.

Outcome 11:

Demonstrate knowledge of the anatomy of the abdominal and retroperitoneal viscera.

Relate each anatomic structure to adjacent structures and their clinical and surgical significance.

Objectives:

Name the viscera located in each of the abdominal quadrants.
Differentiate the peritoneal cavity from the abdominal cavity.
Define the peritoneum and its formation.
Describe the peritoneal reflections of the abdominal viscera; define and describe the mesentery and the suspension of the abdominal organs within the peritoneal cavity; list the structures that are mobile vs those that are immobile.
Define the greater omentum, lesser omentum, greater sac, and lesser sac.
Define the falciform ligament.
Explain the function of each organ involved in digestion, including accessory organs.
Describe the abdominal esophagus.
Name the four layers of the wall of the stomach and intestines.
Describe the stomach, its parts and curvatures, and its function.
Describe the duodenum, its segments, and its function.
Define the Ligament of Treitz.
Describe the jejunum and ileum, differentiating characteristics, and their functions.
Describe the appendix and its function.
Describe the colon and its segments, the function of each segment, the changes in blood supply, and external structures.
Describe the rectum and anal canal and their functions.
Describe the rectosigmoid junction.
Describe the peritoneal coverings of the rectum.
Describe the pectinate line and anatomic differences proximal and distal to it.
Differentiate the internal and external anal sphincters.
Describe the spleen and its function.
Define “accessory spleen.”
Describe the pancreas and its function.
Describe the liver and its lobes and the function of the liver.
Describe the gallbladder, its segments, and its function.
Describe the boundaries and contents of the Triangle of Calot vs. the hepatocystic triangle.
Describe the biliary system, the flow of bile including the ducts, and the function of bile.
Describe the kidneys, their location, function, and fascial coverings.
Describe the abdominal ureters, their location, and their function.
Describe the adrenal glands, their function, and their location.

Identify and describe the branches of the abdominal aorta.
Explain the blood supply of the abdominal viscera.
Explain the venous drainage of the abdominal viscera and the hepatic portal system.

Outcome 12:

Demonstrate knowledge of the anatomy of pelvic structures, male and female external genitalia, and the perineum.

Relate each anatomic structure to adjacent structures and their clinical and surgical significance.

Objectives:

Identify the bones and joints of the pelvis (pelvic girdle), their bony features, and its function.
List the muscles of the pelvic diaphragm and their function.
Describe the location and contents of the ischiorectal/ischioanal fossa.
Describe the perineum.
Compare the differences in the male and female perineum.
Describe the perineal muscles of the male and female perineum (corpus spongiosum, corpora cavernosa, bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus, transverse perineal) of the male vs female.
Describe the external genital structures of the female.
Describe the external genital structures of the male.
Compare the differences of the male vs female urethra.
Describe the peritoneal coverings of the pelvic viscera.
Describe the peritoneal pouches (vesico-uterine pouch and recto-uterine pouch in the female, and the rectovesical pouch in the male).
Describe the urinary bladder, the trigone, ureteral orifices, and urethral orifices.
Describe the path of the ureters in the male vs the female.
Describe the vas deferens and its path from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.
Describe the seminal glands and their function.
Describe the ejaculatory duct.
Describe the prostate gland, prostate fluid, and its function.
Trace the pathway of sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the urethra.
Describe the uterus, its parts, the perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium, and the function of the uterus.
Describe the ovaries and uterine tubes.
Describe the ligaments and mesenteries of the uterus, ovaries, and uterine tubes.
Describe the vagina and its function.
Describe the lymphatic drainage of the pelvic viscera.
Explain the blood supply of the pelvic viscera.
Identify the arteries of the pelvis, and trace the course of the common iliac, external iliac, and internal iliac arteries and the primary branches of the internal iliac.
Describe the venous drainage of the pelvic viscera.
Identify the sacral nerve plexus and the significant nerves of the plexus.

Outcome 13:

Demonstrate knowledge of the anatomy of the gluteal region, femoral region, and lower limb.

Relate each anatomic structure to adjacent structures and their clinical and surgical significance.

Objectives:

Name and locate the gluteal muscles.
Identify and explain the bony features of the proximal femur and its articulations.
Describe the hip joint, the ligaments, cartilages in the hip.
Name and locate the muscles of the anterior, medial, and posterior thigh, identify their origin and insertion, innervation, and associated movements.
Describe the fascial compartments of the thigh.
Describe the iliotibial band.
Describe the adductor canal and list its contents.
Describe the arterial supply, venous drainage, and innervation of the thigh.
Trace the course of the sciatic nerve and discuss its functions.
Define the femoral triangle, including its boundaries and neuro-vascular compartments.
Describe the saphenous opening.
Identify and explain the bony features of the distal femur, patella, tibia, fibula, and their articulations.
List the borders and contents of the popliteal fossa.
Define and identify the pes anserinus.
Describe the knee joint, menisci, cruciate ligaments, and collateral ligaments and their function.
Name and locate the muscles of the anterior (dorsiflexor/extensor), lateral (evertor), superficial and deep posterior (plantar flexor) leg, identify the origin and insertion, innervation, and associated movements.
Describe the fascial compartments of the leg.
Describe the arterial supply of the leg.
Trace the course of the greater and lesser saphenous veins.
Identify the bones of the ankle joint.
Identify and locate the tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.
Describe the foot in terms of anatomical and functional parts, as well as the regions of the foot.
Describe the muscles of the foot, their innervation, and associated movements.
Describe the blood supply to the foot.
Locate the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses.

Outcome 14:

Demonstrate knowledge of selected pathologies and operative procedures in Cardiothoracic Surgery.

Objectives:

Compare and contrast the various approaches to thoracic surgery (open, endoscopic, robotic, video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS)) and closure techniques.
Identify specialty instrumentation/equipment used.
Describe pathologies of the lungs and thoracic cavity, including primary tumors (bronchogenic carcinoma), metastatic tumors, pectus excavatum, and pectus carinatum.
Identify risk factors and symptoms of thoracic pathologies.
Discuss diagnostic methods for thoracic pathologies.
Describe surgical procedures of the thoracic cavity:
- Bronchoscopy
- Mediastinoscopy
- Lung resection (including wedge resection, lobectomy, and pneumonectomy)
- Repair of pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum
Compare and contrast the various approaches to cardiac surgery (sternotomy, thoracotomy, robotic, percutaneous) and closure techniques.
Identify specialty instrumentation/equipment used.
Describe cardiac pathologies including, but not limited to, valvular disorders, coronary artery disease, and congenital pediatric pathologies.
Identify risk factors and symptoms of cardiac pathologies.
Discuss diagnostic methods for cardiac pathologies.
Describe surgical procedures for cardiac surgery:
- Thoracic aortic aneurysmectomy (aortic arch, ventricular)
- Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)
- Pacemaker insertion
- Radiofrequency ablation
- Aorta coarctation repair
- Atrial septal defect
- Closure of patent ductus arteriosus
- Tetralogy of Fallot
- Angioplasty
- Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) (with or without cardiopulmonary bypass)
- Transplant
- Aortic valve replacement (including Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR))
- Mitral valve replacement
Describe cardiac support devices:
- Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
- Intra-aortic ballon pump (IABP)
- Ventricular assist device (VAD)

Outcome 15:

Demonstrate knowledge of selected pathologies and operative procedures in General Surgery.

Objectives:

Compare and contrast the various approaches to surgical procedures of the gastrointestinal tract (open, endoscopic, laparoscopic, robotic) and closure techniques.
Identify specialty instrumentation/equipment used.
Describe pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract including, but not limited to, neoplasms, hiatal hernia, Zenker’s diverticulum, pyloric stenosis, Meckel’s diverticulum, intestinal obstruction, appendicitis, diverticular disease.
Identify risk factors and symptoms of pathologies related to the gastrointestinal tract.
Discuss diagnostic methods for pathologies related to the gastrointestinal tract.
Describe surgical procedures related to the gastrointestinal tract:
- Appendectomy
- Cholecystectomy (with and without cholangiograms)
- Colonoscopy
- Small intestine/Colon resection (with and without ileostomy/colostomy)
- Esophagoscopy
- Esophagogastroduodenscopy (EGD) (with and without endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP))
- Gastrectomy (with and without gastrostomy)
- Nissen fundoplication
- Liver resection
- Bariatric surgery (including gastric sleeve, gastric band, and Roux-en-Y)

Describe the approach to surgical procedures of the breast and closure techniques.
Identify specialty instrumentation/equipment used.
Describe pathologies of the breast including, but not limited to, primary cancer, metastatic cancer, and fibroadenoma.
Describe the staging of breast cancer.
Identify risk factors and symptoms of pathologies related to the breast.
Discuss diagnostic methods for pathologies related to the breast.
Describe surgical procedures related to the breast:
- Biopsy (including needle localization, magseed, and sentinel node)
- Mastectomies (including partial (lumpectomy), subcutaneous, simple, classic radical, modified radical, and extended radical and axillary dissection)
Compare and contrast the various approaches to surgical procedures of the endocrine system (open, laparoscopic, and robotic) and closure techniques.
Identify specialty instrumentation/equipment used.
Describe pathologies of the endocrine system including, but not limited to, cancer, hyperparathyroidism, goiter, hyperthyroidism (Grave’s disease), and hypothyroidism.
Identify risk factors and symptoms of pathologies related to the endocrine system.
Discuss diagnostic methods for pathologies related to the endocrine system.
Describe surgical procedures of the endocrine system:
- Splenectomy
- Thyroidectomy
- Parathyroidectomy
- Adrenalectomy
- Pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure)
- Pancreatectomy
Compare and contrast the various approaches to different types of hernias (open, laparoscopic, robotic) and closure techniques.
Identify specialty instrumentation/equipment used.
Identify risk factors and symptoms of different types of hernias.
Discuss diagnostic methods for different types of hernias.
Describe hernia surgical procedures:
- Femoral
- Incisional/Ventral
- Inguinal
- Umbilical
Describe the approach to surgical procedures of the rectum/anal canal and closure techniques.
Identify specialty instrumentation/equipment used.
Describe anorectal pathologies including, but not limited to, cancer, fissures, and hemorrhoids.
Identify risk factors and symptoms of pathologies of the rectum/anal canal.
Discuss diagnostic methods for pathologies related to the rectum/anal canal.
Describe surgical procedures of the rectum/anal canal.
- Fistulectomy/Fistulotomy
- Hemorrhoidectomy
- Pilonidal cystectomy
- Sphincteroplasty
- Sphincterotomy

Outcome 16:

Demonstrate knowledge of selected pathologies and operative procedures in Genitourinary Surgery.

Objectives:

Compare and contrast the various approaches to surgical procedures of the kidney (open, endoscopic, laparoscopic, robotic, percutaneous) and closure techniques.
Identify specialty instrumentation/equipment used.
Describe pathologies of the kidneys including, but not limited to, neoplasms, Wilm’s tumor, and calculi.
Identify risk factors and symptoms of pathologies of the kidney.
Discuss diagnostic methods for pathologies of the kidney.
Describe surgical procedures of the kidney:
- Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
- Kidney transplant
- Nephrectomy
- Pyelolithotomy
- Wilms tumor excision
Compare and contrast the various approaches to surgical procedures of the ureter, bladder, and urethra (open, endoscopic, laparoscopic) and closure techniques.
Identify specialty instrumentation/equipment used.
Describe pathologies of the ureter, bladder, and urethra, including cancer and calculi.
Identify risk factors and symptoms of pathologies of the ureter, bladder, and urethra.
Discuss diagnostic methods for pathologies of the ureter, bladder, and urethra.
Describe surgical procedures of the ureter:
- Balloon dilation
- Retrograde pyelogram
- Stent/catheter placement
- Ureteropyelithotomy
- Ureteroscopy
Describe surgical procedures of the bladder:
- Cystectomy with ileal conduit
- Cystoscopy
- Suburethral sling
- Suprapubic cystostomy
- Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT)
Describe surgical procedures of the urethra:
- Artificial urinary sphincter (AUS)
- Dilation
- Meatoplasty
- Meatotomy
Compare and contrast the various approaches to surgical procedures of the prostate gland (open, endoscopic, robotic) and closure techniques.
Identify specialty instrumentation/equipment used.
Describe pathologies of the prostate gland including, but not limited to, benign prostatic hypertrophy and cancer.
Identify risk factors and symptoms of pathologies of the prostate gland.
Discuss diagnostic methods for pathologies of the prostate gland.
Describe surgical procedures of the prostate gland:
- Brachytherapy
- Prostatectomy
- Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
Describe the approach to penile and testicular surgical procedures (male reproductive system) and closure techniques.
Identify specialty instrumentation/equipment used.
Describe pathologies of the male reproductive system including, but not limited to, cancer, cryptorchidism, epispadias, hypospadias, hydrocele, spermatocele, testicular torsion, and varicocele.
Identify penile and testicular pathological risk factors and symptoms.
Discuss penile and testicular diagnostic methods.
Describe penile and testicular surgical procedures:
- Circumcision
- Epispadias/Hypospadias repair
- Penectomy
- Penile implant
- Hydrocelectomy
- Orchiectomy
- Orchiopexy
- Prosthetic implant
- Spermatocele
- Varicocelectomy
- Vasectomy
- Vasovasostomy
Describe surgical approaches to gender confirmation.
Describe surgical procedures of gender confirmation:
- Female to Male (phalloplasty, testicular implants, vaginectomy)
- Male to Female (labiaplasty, penectomy, vaginoplasty)

Outcome 17:

Demonstrate knowledge of selected pathologies and operative procedures in Neurologic Surgery.

Objectives:

Compare and contrast the various approaches to peripheral nerve surgery (open, endoscopic, microscopic) and closure techniques.
Identify specialty instrumentation/equipment used.
Describe peripheral neurological pathologies such as carpal tunnel syndrome.
Identify risk factors and symptoms of peripheral nerve pathologies.
Discuss diagnostic methods for peripheral nerve pathologies.
Describe surgical procedures of the peripheral nervous system:
- Carpal tunnel release
- Ulnar nerve release/transposition
Compare and contrast the various approaches to spinal/vertebral surgeries (robotic, image-guided navigation, microscopic, anterior, lateral, posterior) and closure techniques.
Identify specialty instrumentation/equipment used.
Describe pathologies of the spinal cord and vertebral column including, but not limited to, degenerative disc disease, herniated nucleus pulposus, osteoarthritis, spondylolisthesis, and vertebral body fractures.
Identify risk factors and symptoms of spinal/vertebral pathologies.
Discuss diagnostic methods for spinal pathologies.
Describe surgical variations in cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral vertebral procedures.
Describe surgical procedures of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spinal/vertebral procedures:
- Discectomy
- Fusion (instrumented and interbody)
- Kyphoplasty
- Laminectomy
- Placement of spinal cord stimulator
- Vertebroplasty
Compare and contrast the various approaches to cranial surgery (open, image-guided navigation, endoscopic, microscopic, percutaneous, robotic) and closure techniques.
Identify specialty instrumentation/equipment used.
Describe neurological pathologies including, but not limited to, hydrocephalus, tremor disorders, primary tumors (astrocytoma, glioma, meningioma) and metastatic tumors, arteriovenous malformation, and epidural and subdural hemorrhage.
Identify risk factors and symptoms of cranial pathologies.
Discuss diagnostic methods for spinal pathologies.
Describe cranial surgical procedures:
- Aneurysm repair
- Cranioplasty
- Craniosynostosis repair
- Deep brain stimulation
- Evacuation of hematoma
- Shunt placement (ventriculoperitoneal and ventriculoarterial)
- Stereotactic
- Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy
- Tumor resection

Outcome 18:

Demonstrate knowledge of selected pathologies and operative procedures in Obstetric and Gynecologic Surgery.

Objectives:

Compare and contrast the various approaches in surgical procedures of the cervix (vaginal, endoscopic) and closure techniques.
Identify specialty instrumentation/equipment used.
Describe pathologies of the cervix such as cancer and incompetent cervix.
Identify risk factors and symptoms of cervical pathologies.
Discuss diagnostic methods for cervical pathologies.
Describe surgical procedures of the cervix:
- Biopsy
- Cerclage (McDonald and Shirodkar)
- Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
Compare and contrast the various approaches in surgical procedures of the uterus, uterine tubes, and ovaries (abdominal, vaginal, endoscopic, laparoscopic, robotic) and closure techniques.
Identify specialty instrumentation/equipment used.
Describe pathologies of the uterus, uterine tubes, and ovaries including, but not limited to, cancer, endometriosis, ovarian cysts, spontaneous abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and uterine prolapse.
Identify risk factors and symptoms of uterine, uterine tube, and ovarian pathologies.
Discuss diagnostic methods for uterine, uterine tube, and ovarian pathologies.
Describe surgical procedures of the uterus, uterine tube, and ovaries:
- Brachytherapy
- Cesarean section
- Diagnostic laparoscopy
- Dilation and curettage (D&C)
- Dilation and evacuation (D&E)
- Endometrial ablation
- Hysterectomy (including Wertheim-Meigs)
- Hysteroscopy
- Myomectomy
- Salpingectomy
- Ectopic pregnancy
- Sterilization
- Total pelvic exenteration
- Tuboplasty
- Ovarian cystectomy
- Oophorectomy
Describe the approach to surgical procedures of the external genitalia and closure techniques.
Identify specialty instrumentation/equipment used.
Describe pathologies of the external genitalia including cancer and sexually transmitted diseases.
Identify risk factors and symptoms of external genitalia pathologies.
Discuss diagnostic methods for pathologies of the external genitalia.
Describe surgical procedures of the external genitalia:
- Ablation of condyloma
- Genitoplasty
- Labiaplasty
- Marsupialization of Bartholin’s gland
- Perineal laceration
- Vulvectomy
Describe the approach to surgical procedures of the vagina and closure techniques.
Identify specialty instrumentation/equipment used.
Describe vaginal pathologies including, but not limited to, cystocele and rectocele, fistulas, and vaginal prolapse.
Identify risk factors and symptoms of vaginal pathologies.
Discuss diagnostic methods for pathologies of the vagina.
Describe surgical procedures of the vagina:
- Colpocleisis
- Colporrhaphy (anterior and posterior repair)
- Fistula repair (rectovaginal and vesicovaginal)

Outcome 19:

Demonstrate knowledge of selected pathologies and operative procedures in Ophthalmic Surgery.

Objectives:

Compare and contrast the surgical approaches to procedures in Ophthalmic Surgery (open, microscopic) and closure techniques.
Identify specialty instrumentation/equipment used.
Describe pathologies of the conjunctiva, cornea, and iris such as corneal transplant and closed angle glaucoma.
Identify risk factors and symptoms of conjunctival, corneal, and iris pathologies.
Discuss diagnostic methods for pathologies of the conjunctiva, cornea, and iris.
Describe surgical procedures of the conjunctiva, cornea, and iris:
- Iridotomy
- Keratoplasty
- Pterygium excision
Describe pathologies of the eyelid including chalazion, entropion, ectropion, and laceration.
Identify risk factors and symptoms of eyelid pathologies.
Discuss diagnostic methods for eyelid pathologies.
Describe surgical procedures of the eyelid:
- Chalazion excision
- Entropion and ectropion repair
- Laceration repair
Describe pathologies of the globe conjunctiva, cornea, and iris such as corneal transplant and open angle glaucoma.
Identify risk factors and symptoms of pathologies of the globe.
Discuss diagnostic methods for pathologies of the globe.
Describe surgical procedures of the globe:
- Enucleation and evisceration
- Trabeculectomy and trabeculoplasty
- Vitrectomy
Describe cataracts.
Identify risk factors and symptoms of pathologies of the lens.
Discuss diagnostic methods for pathologies of the lens.
Describe surgical procedures of the lens:
- Cataract excision (phacoemulsification and femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS))
Describe muscle disorders of the eye.
Identify risk factors and symptoms of pathologies of the extraocular muscles of the eye.
Discuss diagnostic methods for pathologies of the extraocular muscles of the eye.
Describe surgical procedures of the extraocular muscles of the eye:
- Strabismus correction (recession and resection)
Describe pathologies of the retina including retinal detachment.
Identify risk factors and symptoms of pathologies of the retina.
Discuss diagnostic methods for pathologies of the retina.
Describe surgical procedures of the retina:
- Pneumatic retinopexy
- Scleral buckle
Describe pathologies of the tear ducts.
Identify risk factors and symptoms of pathologies of the tear ducts.
Discuss diagnostic methods for pathologies of the tear ducts.
Describe surgical procedures of the tear ducts:
- Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
- Tear duct dilation/stent placement

Outcome 20:

Demonstrate knowledge of selected pathologies and operative procedures in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.

Objectives:

Describe the approach to surgical procedures in Oral and Maxillofacial surgery.
Identify specialty instrumentation/equipment used.

Discuss how facial fractures are sustained.
Discuss diagnostic methods of facial fractures.
Describe surgical procedures for fixation of facial fractures:
- ORIF (LeFort I, LeFort II, LeFort III, maxillary, mandibular, zygomatic, orbital, frontal)
- Oral (arch bar application)
Discuss cleft lip/palate.
Describe surgical procedures for repair of cleft lip/palate:
- Cheiloplasty
- Palatoplasty
Discuss temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction.
Describe surgical procedures of the TMJ.
- Arthroscopy.
Describe orthognathic surgery.
Describe oral implant surgery.
Describe odontectomy.

Outcome 21:

Demonstrate knowledge of selected pathologies and operative procedures in Orthopaedic Surgery.

Objectives:

Compare and contrast the various approaches in surgical procedures of the shoulder and clavicle, the arm, elbow, and forearm, the wrist and hand, the pelvis and hip, the leg and knee, and the ankle and foot (open, closed, arthroscopic, percutaneous) and closure techniques.
Identify specialty instrumentation/equipment used.
Describe orthopaedic pathologies including, but not limited to, osteoarthritis, various types of fractures, meniscal tears, tendon and ligament disorders, ganglions, osteonecrosis, and osteoporosis.
Identify risk factors and symptoms of orthopaedic pathologies.
Discuss diagnostic methods of orthopaedic pathologies and fractures.
Describe surgical procedures of the shoulder and clavicle:
- Acromioplasty
- Shoulder arthroplasty (hemi, total, reverse)
- Arthroscopy
- Bankart repair
- Open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) (clavicle)
- Rotator cuff repair
Describe surgical procedures of the arm, elbow, and forearm:
- Radial head arthroplasty
- Intermedullary nail of the humerus
- Open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) (proximal humeral fracture, olecranon fracture, radial and ulnar shaft fracture)
- Application of external fixation device
Describe surgical procedures of the wrist and hand:
- Arthroplasty (wrist, fingers)
- Wrist arthroscopy
- Open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) (distal radial fracture)
- Application of external fixation device
- DeQuervain’s release
- Dupuytren’s contracture (palmar fasciectomy)
- Polydactyly (radial thumb, collateral ligament ablation/reconstruction)
- Radial dysplasia repair
- Release of Trigger Finger
- Syndactyly release
Describe surgical procedures of the pelvis and hip:
- Hip arthroplasty (total anterior, total anterolateral, total posterolateral, hemi)
- Arthroscopy
- Application of external fixation device
- Open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) (acetabular fracture)
- Intermedullary nail of the femur
Describe surgical procedures of the leg and knee:
- Arthroscopy (diagnostic, ACL repair, meniscal repair)
- Knee arthroplasty (total, partial)
- Intermedullary nail of the tibia
- Open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) (tibial plateau fracture, patellar fracture)
Describe surgical procedures of the ankle and foot:
- Achilles tendon repair
- Ankle arthroscopy
- Bunionectomy
- Open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) (malleolar and bi-malleolar fracture, calcaneal fracture, midfoot fracture)
- Triple arthrodesis

Outcome 22:

Demonstrate knowledge of selected pathologies and operative procedures in Otorhinolaryngologic (ENT) Surgery.

Objectives:

Compare and contrast the various approaches in surgical procedures in Otorhinolaryngologic (ENT) Surgery (open, microscopic, endoscopic, robotic, image-guided navigation) and closure techniques.
Identify specialty instrumentation/equipment used.
Describe pathologies of the ear including, but not limited to, otitis media, otosclerosis, cholesteatoma, hearing loss, and trauma to the tympanic membrane.
Identify risk factors and symptoms of ear pathologies.
Discuss diagnostic methods for pathologies of the ear.
Describe surgical procedures of the ear:
- Acoustic neurectomy
- Bone anchored hearing aid
- Cochlear implant
- Mastoidectomy
- Myringotomy
- Ossicular chain reconstruction
- Stapedectomy
- Tympanoplasty
Describe nasal pathologies, such as chronic sinusitis and deviated septum.
Identify risk factors and symptoms of nasal pathologies.
Discuss diagnostic methods for nasal pathologies.
Describe nasal surgical procedures:
- Choanal atresia repair
- Ethmoidectomy
- Fracture reduction
- Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS) (balloon sinuplasty, polypectomy, septoplasty)
- Radical antrostomy (Caldwell-Luc)
- Open polypectomy
- Open septoplasty
- Turbinectomy
- Valve reconstruction
Describe pathologies of the oral cavity, throat, and neck including, but not limited to, cancer, hyperparathyroidism, chronic tonsillitis, sleep apnea, and airway management.
Identify risk factors and symptoms of oral cavity, throat, and neck pathologies.
Discuss diagnostic methods for oral cavity, throat, and neck pathologies.
Describe surgical procedures of the oral cavity, throat, and neck:
- Esophagoscopy
- Laryngectomy
- Laryngoscopy
- Parotidectomy
- Radical neck dissection
- Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A)
- Tracheotomy and tracheostomy
- Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP)

Outcome 23:

Demonstrate knowledge of selected pathologies and operative procedures in Peripheral Vascular Surgery.

Objectives:

Compare and contrast the various approaches in surgical procedures in Peripheral Vascular Surgery (open, endovascular (endoscopic, percutaneous)) and closure techniques.

Identify specialty instrumentation/equipment used.
Describe peripheral vascular pathologies including, but not limited to, aneurysm, thrombus/embolus, arteriosclerosis, and atherosclerosis.
Identify risk factors and symptoms of peripheral vascular pathologies.
Discuss diagnostic methods for peripheral vascular pathologies.
Describe surgical procedures in peripheral vascular surgery:
- Arteriovenous fistula or shunt for hemodialysis
- Embolectomy
- Thrombectomy
- Abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy and repair
- Angioplasty
- Angioscopy
- Aortofemoral bypass
- Endarterectomy (carotid, femoral)
- Femoral popliteal bypass
- Vein ligation and stripping
- Vena cava filter placement
- Venous access placement (antibiotic, chemotherapy)

Outcome 24:

Demonstrate knowledge of selected pathologies and operative procedures in Plastics and Reconstructive Surgery.

Objectives:

Compare and contrast the various surgical approaches to procedures of the head and face (open, endoscopic) and closure techniques.
Identify specialty instrumentation/equipment used.
Describe reconstructive pathologies (pedicle flaps, free flaps) vs. medical pathologies (upper eyelid ptosis, breast hypertrophy) vs. cosmetic procedures.
Discuss pathologies of the head and face.
Discuss diagnostic methods used for pathological conditions of the head and face.
Describe surgical procedures of the head and face:
- Blepharoplasty
- Brow lift
- Cheiloplasty and palatoplasty
- Craniosynostosis correction
- Facial implants (malar, mentoplasty)
- Orbital decompression
- Otoplasty
- Rhinoplasty
- Rhytidectomy
Describe the surgical approach to cosmetic and reconstructive procedures of the breast and closure techniques.
Identify specialty instrumentation/equipment used.
Describe surgical procedures for cosmetic and reconstructive procedures of the breast.
- Augmentation
- Pedicle flap (latissimus dorsi flap (LAT), transverse rectus abdominis muscle flap (TRAM))
- Free flap (deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP))
- Tissue expansion
- Nipple reconstruction
- Reduction
Describe the surgical approach to cosmetic procedures of the abdomen and closure techniques.
Identify specialty instrumentation/equipment used.
Describe cosmetic procedures of the abdomen:
- Abdominoplasty
- Body lift (full, lower)
- Panniculectomy
- Liposuction
Describe the surgical approach to cosmetic and reconstruction procedures of the skin and closure techniques.
Identify specialty instrumentation/equipment used.
Describe pathologies of the skin including, but not limited to, squamous cell and basal cell carcinoma, melanoma, and thermal injuries.
Identify risk factors and symptoms of pathologies of the skin.
Discuss diagnostic methods for pathologies of the skin.

Describe cosmetic and reconstructive surgical procedures of the skin:
- Neoplasms (MOHS)
- Scar revisions (Z-plasty)
- Skin grafts (full-thickness skin graft (FTSG), split-thickness skin graft (STSG)