DMS 105W - Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation I

1. Demonstrate knowledge of sound waves
   1. Define a sound wave
   2. Give the definition, units and formula (if applicable) for the seven parameters of a sound wave
   3. Identify three parameters that relate to the size of the sound wave
   4. Describe the relationship of power, intensity and amplitude
   5. State the average speed of sound in soft tissue
   6. Define pulsed ultrasound
   7. List the five parameters of pulsed ultrasound and give a definition, units and formula (if applicable) for each
2. Demonstrate knowledge of ultrasound intensity.
   1. Give the formula for intensity
   2. Describe the four ways to measure intensity
   3. Rate the types of ultrasound intensity from highest to lowest
   4. Identify BUC
   5. Describe a decibel
   6. State the definition and formula for attenuation
   7. Correlate transducer frequency to attenuation
   8. Identify the three processes that make up attenuation
   9. Define Rayleigh scattering
   10. Calculate the attenuation coefficient for a set of parameters
   11. State the definition for half-value layer thickness
3. Demonstrate knowledge of ultrasound beam transmission
   1. Define the reflection and transmission coefficients
   2. Define reflection and the two parameters needed for reflection to occur
   3. Define refraction and the two parameters needed for refraction to occur
   4. State Snell's law
   5. Describe the Range equation and how it relates to 2-D ultrasound imaging
4. Demonstrate knowledge of the function and design of an ultrasound transducer.
   1. List the components of a transducer
   2. Describe the material used for the transducer crystal
   3. Describe the use and function for backing material
   4. Describe the use and function for the matching layer
   5. State the formula for transducer frequency
   6. Describe how the backing material relates to the bandwidth of a transducer
5. Demonstrate knowledge of the production and shape of a sound beam and its effect on resolution.
   1. Describe Huygen’s principle
   2. Diagram the parts of a sound beam used for diagnostic imaging
   3. Describe how an ultrasound transducer is focused
   4. List the four results of focusing a transducer
   5. List factors that affect resolution
6. Demonstrate knowledge of the various types of resolution related to sonographic system design and imaging.
   1. Define lateral resolution and what it is determined by
   2. Define axial resolution and what it is determined by
   3. Correlate frequency to resolution
7. Demonstrate knowledge of the types of ultrasound modes and how they apply to diagnostic imaging.
   1. Define and give a visual illustration for the following:
      1. A-mode
      2. M-mode
      3. B-mode
      4. Real-time image