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ST 210 - The Surgical PatientCredits: 2 Instructional Contact Hours: 2
Introduces basic concepts of operative patient care, such as preparation of a patient for surgery, patient transportation, surgical incisions, wound healing, operative records, special procedures in the operating room, and the legal, moral and ethical responsibilities of surgical care.
Prerequisite(s): Validation for and successful clinical entry to the Surgical Technology Program Corequisite(s): ST 207 , ST 220 , ST 230 , and ST 240 Lecture Hours: 30 Lab Hours: 0 Meets MTA Requirement: None Pass/NoCredit: No
Outcomes and Objectives
- Demonstrate communication skills.
- Communicate in acceptable English and in terminology appropriate to the discipline.
- Understand and critically evaluate what is read.
- Write in a clear, organized, succinct, and effective manner.
- Demonstrate proper spelling, grammar, and sentence structure in formal writing.
- Use medical terminology accurately and appropriately.
- Demonstrate critical thinking skills,
- Analyze data and discipline-based knowledge to formulate logical conclusions.
- Integrate and correlate concepts from different courses.
- Exhibit development of both inductive and deductive reasoning skills.
- Take a position on an issues and provide evidence or adequate rationale to support that position.
- Demonstrate the ability to apply conversion formulas and perform basic mathematical calculations.
- Demonstrate interpersonal/collaborative skills
- Work constructively within a group, demonstrating respect and consideration for others.
- Listen to, respect, and critically evaluate the ideas and opinions of others.
- Contribute to the product(s) of a study or work group, function within the guidelines established by the group, and accept responsibility for one's own level of participation.
- Respect the perspectives, values, and choices of others.
- Demonstrate understanding of the concepts of the continuity of care of the surgical patient.
- Identify the components of a pre-operative check list for preparation of a surgical patient.
- Explain the meaning, purpose and limitations of “informed consent.”
- Differentiate various types of operative permits in terms of appropriate conditions and signatories.
- Explain the use of other types of consents or records.
- Define the two purposes of a shave prep.
- Identify the areas to be shaved for various kinds of operations.
- Discuss different authority’s opinions regarding the appropriate time, location and method for performing a “shave” prep or whether such a prep is indicated at all.
- Describe the proper attire for a patient entering the O.R. and explain the safety reasons for these rules.
- Discuss the appropriate safeguarding of a patient’s personal possessions.
- Explain the reasons for establishing baseline pre-operative vital signs.
- Describe the purposes of pre-operative medications.
- List the categories of drugs most commonly used as pre-operative medications.
- Describe the proper safety measures to be taken while transporting a patient to the O.R., including special situations.
- Describe the identification process of a patient entering the O.R. suite.
- Identify the safety precautions involved in transferring a patient onto the O.R. table before surgery and onto a stretcher/gurney after surgery.
- Discuss the legal implications of operative record keeping.
- List the information elements commonly required for various kinds of O.R. records and forms.
- Explain the purposes and uses of Incident Reports.
- Define the circumstances that determine a Medical Examiner’s (Coroner’s) case, and recognize indications for such a case.
- Describe the proper procedures for measuring intraoperative blood loss and urine output.
- Discuss the proper methods for monitoring a patient receiving local anesthesia (in the absence of anesthesia personnel).
- Describe the special procedural elements involved in intraoperative X-ray technique, bowel technique, cancer technique, and multiple set-up technique.
- Demonstrate knowledge of incisional approaches and healing for General Surgery procedures.
- List the factors affecting the choice of the type of surgical incision.
- For General Surgery incisions, describe the indications, uses, advantages and disadvantages for each.
- Name the three stages of wound healing and describe the physiologic processes occurring during each one.
- List factors that influence the rate of wound healing.
- Differentiate healing by First, Second and Third Intentions and relate those to primary closure, secondary union and delayed primary closure.
- List and define complications that may occur during wound healing.
- Demonstrate knowledge of different kinds of surgical specimens.
- Define “Frozen Section” and explain why such a specimen may be requested.
- Describe the proper methods for handling various types of surgical specimens:
- Frozen sections
- Permanent (paraffin) sections
- Cultures
- Bronchial washings or other fluids
- Cytology specimens
- Stones
- Foreign bodies
- Amputated limbs
- Legal evidence
- Tissue for banking/preservation
- Demonstrate competence in preparing medications and solutions on the sterile field.
- Describe the proper method for dispensing, identifying, and handling back-table medications and solutions.
- Identify various types of syringes and their uses.
- Explain the sizing (gauge) of hypodermic needles.
- Calculate simple conversions for weights, measurements, and temperature.
- Demonstrate knowledge of environmental risks to Operating Room personnel.
- Compare Septic Case Technique with the use of Standard Precautions.
- List and differentiate the types of hepatitis viruses and know how they are transmitted.
- Discuss Hepatitis B and C viruses and the risks to Operating Room personnel.
- Discuss the Human Immunodeficiency Virus and the risks to Operating Room personnel.
- Discuss the risks of other microbial hazards for Operating Room personnel.
- Demonstrate familiarity with current theories concerning neoplastic growth, and with the uses of ionizing radiation as an alternative therapeutic modality or as an adjunct to surgery.
- Differentiate neoplastic (tumor) growth from hypertrophy, hyperplasia and metaplasia.
- List the essential differences between benign and malignant tumors.
- Explain how neoplastic growths are named and classified.
- Discuss the intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors that may contribute to the etiology of cancers.
- Compare and contrast the three types of cancers: sarcomas, carcinomas and mixed tumors.
- Define “grading” vs. the TNM method of “staging” malignancies.
- Differentiate between “curative” and “palliative” therapy.
- Compare surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy as modalities for treating cancers.
- Explain what ionizing radiation does to both normal and malignant tissue, including the dangers of underdosage and overdosage in therapeutic use.
- Review the electromagnetic spectrum, the elements of radioactive disintegration, and the concept of half-life.
- Define and characterize radionuclides (radioisotopes) and discuss their uses.
- Identify the sources, attributes, and uses of external radiation methods.
- Identify the uses and methods of administration of internal radiation sources.
- Compare the half-lives of commonly used radioactive elements and relate those to therapeutic dosages.
- List the general safety rules for handling radioactive materials; describe radiation hazards to personnel and proper monitoring precautions.
- Discuss the concept of stereotactic radiosurgery (“gamma knife”).
- Identify the characteristics of irradiated tissue and their relevance to subsequent surgical intervention.
- Demonstrate understanding of concepts or terminology of legal, moral and ethical responsibilities toward patients.
- Define various legal concepts as they apply to the O.R. situation.
- List ways that the Standard of Care may be determined in a court of law.
- Discuss how the principles of legal responsibility apply to a student.
- Give examples of common acts of negligence in an O.R. setting.
- Discuss moral and ethical responsibilities and obligations, as opposed to legal precepts.
- Recognize the special needs of pediatric and geriatric patients.
- Discuss psychological concerns in different age groups of Pediatric patients facing surgery.
- List and describe the special needs of infants and young children undergoing surgery, in terms of both anatomical and physiological considerations.
- Discuss the physiologic changes associated with aging and identify the special needs of a geriatric patient undergoing surgery.
- Demonstrate familiarity with the different conditions involved in ambulatory surgery.
- Discuss the advantages of Ambulatory/Out-Patient surgery and the types of procedures for which it may be indicated or desirable.
- List the four major types of settings for ambulatory surgery and their relative merits and disadvantages.
- Describe the differences in pre-operative, intra-operative and post-operative routines for ambulatory surgery patients.
- Demonstrate knowledge of the concepts of orthopedic patients’ operative care.
- Define terminology associated with bone fractures and their treatment, and with bone healing.
- Define the various uses of casts, including types of cylinder casts, spica casts, and splints.
- Define different types of traction and differentiate traction from an external fixation device.
- Discuss the specific indications for internal fixation and list the various general methods, giving examples of each.
- List factors affecting the healing of fractures.
- Discuss the problem of non-union and the use of bone grafts, electrical stimulation, and other treatment methodologies.
- Describe the proper method of preparing plaster for cast application.
- Compare fiberglass casting materials with plaster casts.
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